Nanomaterials have emerged as potential environment friendly lubricant additives to upgrade the conventional lubricants such as automotive oils, industrial oils, grease, and metal working fluids. The ...applications of nanoparticle additives are based on the principles of solid lubrication and are mostly used as anti-wear, anti-friction and extreme pressure additives. Their various advantages include small enough size, thermal stability, variety of particle chemistries and a high reaction rate with the surface without induction period. These advantages translate into longer equipment operation, increased fuel efficiency and extended maintenance intervals. Thus, the current article designates on the benefits/advantages of nano materials as lubricant additives and their applications in various automotive/engine/industrial oils. Further, it covers on (a) the major types of industrial oils and their key properties/functions and (b) different nanomaterials that are currently being explored as lubricant additives, their thermal stability and technical challenges.
This paper formulates a new fractional order (FO) integral terminal sliding mode control algorithms for the stabilization and synchronization of N-dimensional FO chaotic/hyper-chaotic systems, which ...are perturbed with unknown uncertainties. In order to render closed loop robustness, a novel efficient double hyperbolic functions based uncertainty estimator is developed for the estimation and mitigation of unknown uncertainties. Moreover, a double hyperbolic reaching law comprising of tangent hyperbolic and inverse sine hyperbolic functions is incorporated in the presented control techniques for the practical convergence of various chaotic system states and tracking errors to infinitesimally close to equilibrium. Examples such as FO Lu, FO Chen and FO Lorenz systems are taken to investigate robustness, finite time convergence, tracking accuracy and closed loop stability properties of the devised methodologies. Last but not least, comparative analysis is also carried out between the proposed and prior control techniques through various time domain performances such as settling time, error indices and measure of control energy.
•Novel fractional order double hyperbolic integral terminal sliding mode control is developed.•Control of uncertain fractional order chaos is dealt.•Novel hyperbolic uncertainty estimator is also developed for estimation of unknown uncertainties.•Three examples are also validated along with comparative analysis with respect to prior techniques.
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) refers to renal-epithelial cancer, which represents over 90% of kidney cancer and is a cause for cancer related deaths in the world. Studies suggested somatic VHL mutations ...to be the cause for the occurrence of cancer, but with the time, more latest genomic and biological studies have detected variation in epigenetic regulatory genes and showed significant heterogeneity of the intratumor that may lead to strategies of diagnostic, predictive, and therapeutic importance. Immune dysfunction is responsible for almost all types of renal cancer, and angiogenesis and immunosuppression function together in the tumor microenvironment of renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Over the past few years, advancement in the management of the RCC has finally revolutionized with the arrival of the entrapped immune inhibitors which particularly concentrated on the receptor (programmed cell death-1) and focus on the new generation receptor i.e. TKRI (tyrosine-kinase receptor inhibitors). The present review deals with the comprehensive review of RCC and emphasizes on its types, pathogenesis and advancement in these diseases. This review also overviews the role of innate and adaptive immune response-related mechanism, the function of cancer stem cell in this diseases, therapeutic targeted drugs and hormonal signaling pathways as an emerging strategy in the management of the renal cancer.
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In this paper, we obtain some properties of biconservative Lorentz hypersurface
M
1
n
in
E
1
n
+
1
having shape operator with complex eigenvalues. We prove that every biconservative Lorentz ...hypersurface
M
1
n
in
E
1
n
+
1
whose shape operator has complex eigenvalues with at most five distinct principal curvatures has constant mean curvature. In addition, we investigate such a type of hypersurface with constant length of second fundamental form having six distinct principal curvatures.
Ideal submanifolds are submanifolds which receive the least possible tension from its ambient space and have many interesting applications in several areas of mathematics. In this paper, we have ...investigated null 2-type
δ
(
r
)
-ideal hypersurfaces for every integer
r
∈
2
,
n
-
1
in Euclidean space
E
n
+
1
(
n
>
2
)
with an easy technique and proved that such hypersurfaces must be of constant mean curvature.
This paper puts forward contemporary designs of sliding mode differentiator and state observer for evaluation of unknown nonlinear signal derivatives and unknown internal system states, respectively, ...by the virtue of tangential and inverse sinusoidal hyperbolic functions. The utility of the proposed frameworks is that it bestows smooth and robust estimation without inciting unacceptable oscillations (chattering), unlike high gain discontinuous function‐based preliminary observers/differentiators. Moreover, the employed double hyperbolic functions would drive the various deviations in estimations of signals or states to a very close neighborhood of origin in finite time which is substantiated via Lyapunov's energy function. To demonstrate the efficiency of the introduced techniques, two examples for estimating the derivatives of a nonlinear signal and internal states of motor are also illustrated with time varying uncertainties. At last, the attained simulation outcomes of the proposed differentiator are further compared with formerly formulated designs such as higher‐order sliding mode differentiator (HOSMD) and uniformly convergent differentiator (UCD).
Ever since the discovery of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in 1882, many diagnostic methods have been developed. However "The gold standard" for the diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB) is still the ...demonstration of acid fast Bacilli (AFB) by microscopic examination of smear or bacteriological confirmation by culture method.
In suspected 75 patients with active pulmonary TB, the materials obtained bronchoscopically, were bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), bronchial brushings, bronchial washings and post bronchoscopic sputum. Four smears were made from each of the specimen. Fluorescent Staining, Ziehl-Neelsen (ZN), Pap and May Grunwald-Giemsa (MGG) stains were carried out for cytological examination.
Fluorescent stain yielded maximum AFB positivity in all the methods, that is 36 (48%) in post fibre-optic bronchoscopy (FOB) sputum and 19 (25.33%) by fluorescence microscopy in both bronchial brushings and bronchial washings. Maximum yield of AFB with ZN staining 12 (16%) was equal to the post FOB sputum and bronchial brushings samples. It was followed by 6 cases (8%) in BAL and 4 (5.3%) in bronchial washings. The cytological examination was suggestive of TB in only 8 (10.66%) cases in bronchial washings and 6 (8%) cases in post FOB collection. It was equal in BAL and Bronchial brushings each that is 5 (6.67%).
Bronchoscopy is a useful diagnostic tool and fluorescent microscopy is more sensitive than ZN and cytology. On X-ray examination, other diseases like malignancy or fungus can also mimick TB. So apart from ZN staining or fluorescence microscopy, Pap and MGG stain will be worthwhile to identify other microorganisms.
Phospholipases D (PLDs) are important membrane lipid-modifying enzymes in eukaryotes. Phosphatidic acid, the product of PLD activity, is a vital signaling molecule. PLD-mediated lipid signaling has ...been the subject of extensive research leading to discovery of its crystal structure. PLDs are involved in the pathophysiology of several human diseases, therefore, viewed as promising targets for drug design. The availability of a eukaryotic PLD crystal structure will encourage PLD targeted drug designing. PLDs have been implicated in plants response to biotic and abiotic stresses. However, the molecular mechanism of response is not clear. Recently, several novel findings have shown that PLD mediated modulation of structural and developmental processes, such as: stomata movement, root growth and microtubule organization are crucial for plants adaptation to environmental stresses. Involvement of PLDs in regulating membrane remodeling, auxin mediated alteration of root system architecture and nutrient uptake to combat nitrogen and phosphorus deficiencies and magnesium toxicity is established. PLDs via vesicle trafficking modulate cytoskeleton and exocytosis to regulate self-incompatibility (SI) signaling in flowering plants, thereby contributes to plants hybrid vigor and diversity. In addition, the important role of PLDs has been recognized in biotechnologically important functions, including oil/TAG synthesis and maintenance of seed quality. In this review, we describe the crystal structure of a plant PLD and discuss the molecular mechanism of catalysis and activity regulation. Further, the role of PLDs in regulating plant development under biotic and abiotic stresses, nitrogen and phosphorus deficiency, magnesium ion toxicity, SI signaling and pollen tube growth and in important biotechnological applications has been discussed.
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