Designs for determining nociceptive response in rodents are of great use in neurology and experimental neuroscience. Immersing mice's tails in warm water is one of the most widely used procedures to ...evaluate this response; however, a wide range of temperatures are used in different studies. Knowing the temperature that produces a powerful nociceptive response in the tail of BALB/c mice is extremely useful.
Eight 2-month-old male BALB/c mice were used. A 14-cm high beaker was filled with water up to 13 cm. The animals' tails were immersed in the container with a starting temperature of 36°C. The water temperature was raised in 1°C increments until we identified the temperatures that produced nociceptive responses. That response was determined by counting the time taken before the mouse shook its tail to remove it from the water.
Six of the 8 mice began shaking their tails at the temperature of 51°C. All animals removed their tails from the water at the temperatures of 54°C, 55°C, and 56°C, taking a mean time of 8.54, 7.99, and 5.33seconds, respectively. ANOVA applied to the response times for each of the 3 temperatures indicated revealed a value of F=2.8 (P=.123).
The response time was statistically similar for the temperatures of 54°C, 55°C, and 56°C; however, the data were less dispersed for the latter temperature.
We assessed the in vitro activity of delafloxacin and the synergy between cefotaxime and delafloxacin among cefotaxime non-susceptible invasive isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae (CNSSP).
A total ...of 30 CNSSP (cefotaxime MIC > 0.5 mg/L) were studied. Serotyping was performed by the Pneumotest-Latex and Quellung reaction. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of delafloxacin, levofloxacin, penicillin, cefotaxime, erythromycin and vancomycin were determined by gradient diffusion strips (GDS). Synergistic activity of delafloxacin plus cefotaxime against clinical S. pneumoniae isolates was evaluated by the GDS cross method.
Delafloxacin showed a higher pneumococcal activity than its comparator levofloxacin (MIC50, 0.004 versus 0.75 mg/L and MIC90, 0.047 versus >32 mg/L). Resistance to delafloxacin was identified in 7/30 (23.3%) isolates, belonging to serotypes 14 and 9V. Synergy between delafloxacin and cefotaxime was detected in 2 strains (serotypes 19A and 9V). Antagonism was not observed. Addition of delafloxacin increased the activity of cefotaxime in all isolates. Delafloxacin susceptibility was restored in 5/7 (71.4%) strains.
CNSSP showed a susceptibility to delafloxacin of 76.7%. Synergistic interactions between delafloxacin and cefotaxime were observed in vitro among CNSSP by GDS cross method.
Designs for determining nociceptive response in rodents are of great use in neurology and experimental neuroscience. Immersing mice's tails in warm water is one of the most widely used procedures to ...evaluate this response; however, a wide range of temperatures are used in different studies. Knowing the temperature that produces a powerful nociceptive response in the tail of BALB/c mice is extremely useful.
Eight 2-month-old male BALB/c mice were used. A 14-cm high beaker was filled with water up to 13cm. The animals’ tails were immersed in the container with a starting temperature of 36°C. The water temperature was raised in 1°C increments until we identified the temperatures that produced nociceptive responses. That response was determined by counting the time taken before the mouse shook its tail to remove it from the water.
Six of the 8 mice began shaking their tails at the temperature of 51°C. All animals removed their tails from the water at the temperatures of 54°C, 55°C, and 56°C, taking a mean time of 8.54, 7.99, and 5.33seconds, respectively. ANOVA applied to the response times for each of the 3 temperatures indicated revealed a value of F=2.8 (P=.123).
The response time was statistically similar for the temperatures of 54°C, 55°C, and 56°C; however, the data were less dispersed for the latter temperature.
Los diseños para determinar la respuesta nociceptiva en roedores son de gran utilidad en neurología y en neurociencias experimentales. El paradigma de inmersión de la cola de ratón en agua temperada es uno de los más empleados para evaluar dicha respuesta; sin embargo, existe amplia variación en la temperatura utilizada en las diversas investigaciones. Resulta sumamente útil determinar la temperatura que produce una mejor respuesta nociceptiva sobre la cola de ratones de la cepa Balb/c.
Se emplearon 8 ratones machos Balb/c de 2 meses de edad. Un beaker de 14cm de alto se llenó de agua hasta 13cm. Partiendo desde los 36°C se empezó a sumergir la cola del animal dentro del recipiente. Se comenzó a elevar en 1°C el agua hasta encontrar las temperaturas que produzcan las respuestas nociceptivas. Dicha respuesta se determinó contabilizando el tiempo que el ratón tardó en sacudir su cola retirándola del agua.
Los ratones empezaron a sacudir su cola a los 51°C (6 de los 8 roedores). El total de la muestra retiró su cola del agua a los 54, 55 y 56°C en el tiempo promedio de 8,54, 7,99 y 5,33s, respectivamente. Al aplicar ANOVA a los tiempos de las 3 temperaturas señaladas se obtuvo el valor F=2,8 y p=0,123.
El tiempo de respuesta fue similar estadísticamente ante las temperaturas de 54, 55 y 56°C; sin embargo se encontró menor dispersión de los datos ante esta última.
Over the last 5 years, therapies for hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection have improved significantly, achieving sustained virologic response (SVR) rates of up to 100% in clinical trials in patients ...with HCV genotype 1. We investigated the effectiveness and safety of ombitasvir/paritaprevir/ritonavir±dasabuvir in an early access programme. This was a retrospective, multicentre, national study that included 291 treatment‐naïve and treatment‐experienced patients with genotype 1 or 4 HCV infection. Most patients (65.3%) were male, and the mean age was 57.5 years. The mean baseline viral load was 6.1 log, 69.8% had HCV 1b genotype, 72.9% had cirrhosis and 34.7% were treatment‐naïve. SVR at 12 weeks posttreatment was 96.2%. Four patients had virological failure (1.4%), one leading to discontinuation. There were no statistical differences in virological response according to genotype or liver fibrosis. Thirty patients experienced serious adverse events (SAEs) (10.3%), leading to discontinuation in six cases. Hepatic decompensation was observed in five patients. Four patients died during treatment or follow‐up, three of them directly related to liver failure. Multivariate analyses showed a decreased probability of achieving SVR associated with baseline albumin, bilirubin and Child‐Pugh score B, and a greater probability of developing SAEs related to age and albumin. This combined therapy was highly effective in clinical practice with an acceptable safety profile and low rates of treatment discontinuation.
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•Carbons surface charge contributes in a greater extend to arsenic (V) uptake.•Iron increases the As(V) adsorption capacity and promotes strong bonds Fe–O–As.•Adsorption capacity ...correlates with pHPZC and iron content.•As(V) adsorption is governed by OH-ligand exchange and electrostatic interactions.
Due to the high number of toxicological issues, the presence of asenic (V) in water supplies is a major problem of public concern. Adsorption by iron modified activated carbons stands as an interesting alternative for the removal of arsenic (V) from aqueous solutions. However, the question of which of the activated carbon properties have impact during arsenic (V) uptake has arisen. The influence of textural and chemical features of several activated carbons (AC), un-modified and modified with iron oxyhydroxide nanoparticles, for the removal of arsenic (V) from aqueous solution was studied. The surface area (SBET), micropore volume, surface charge and iron content of 28 ACs were determined. Results showed that the SBET of materials range from 388 to 1747 m2/g, the point of zero charge (PHPZC) from 3 to 11 and the iron content range from negligible to around 2%. A detailed data analysis demonstrated that the most important parameter of AC when removing arsenic (V) from water is the pHPZC (52.5% of contribution); however, the presence of iron is indispensable for enhancing the adsorption capacity (by 36.5%). An empirical model indicated that in order to effectively remove arsenic from water a basic AC with an iron content of about 1% is desirable. Arsenic (V) adsorption isotherms under normal conditions demonstrated that the materials studied have a great potential for water polishing. Finally it is suggested that the arsenate uptake by iron-modified AC is conducted by two simultaneous mechanisms: ligand interchange with iron oxyhydroxide particles and electrostatic attraction on basic AC.
The aim of this study was to determine the predictive capacity of response at treatment week (TW) 4 for the achievement of sustained virological response 12 weeks after the scheduled end of therapy ...date (SVR12) to treatment against hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype 3 (GT3) infection with all-oral direct-acting antiviral (DAA) -based regimens.
From a prospective multicohort study, HCV GT3-infected patients who completed a course of currently recommended DAA-based therapy at 33 Spanish hospitals and who had reached the SVR12 evaluation time-point were selected. TW4 HCV-RNA levels were categorized as target-not-detected (TND), below the lower limit of quantification (LLOQTD) and ≥LLOQ.
A total of 123 patients were included, 86 (70%) received sofosbuvir/ daclatasvir±ribavirin, 27 (22%) received sofosbuvir/ ledipasvir/ ribavirin and 10 (8.1%) received sofosbuvir/ ribavirin, respectively. In all, 114 (92.7%) of the 123 patients presented SVR12 in an on-treatment approach, but nine (7.3%) patients relapsed, all of them had presented cirrhosis at baseline. In those who achieved TND, LLOQTD and ≥LLOQ, SVR12 was observed in 81/83 (98%; 95% CI 91.5%–99.7%), 24/28 (85.7%; 95% CI 67.3%–96%) and 9/12 (75%; 95% CI 42.8%–94.5%), respectively; p(linear association) 0.001. Corresponding numbers for subjects with cirrhosis were: 52/54 (96.3%; 95% CI 87.3%–95.5%), 14/18 (77.8%; 95% CI 52.4%–93.6%) and 7/10 (70%; 95% CI 34.8%–93.3%); p 0.004.
TW4-response indicates the probability of achieving SVR12 to currently used DAA-based therapy in HCV genotype 3-infected individuals with cirrhosis. This finding may be useful to tailor treatment strategy in this setting.
Aims/hypothesis
The Di@bet.es Study is the first national study in Spain to examine the prevalence of diabetes and impaired glucose regulation.
Methods
A population-based, cross-sectional, cluster ...sampling study was carried out, with target population being the entire Spanish population. Five thousand and seventy-two participants in 100 clusters (health centres or the equivalent in each region) were randomly selected with a probability proportional to population size. Participation rate was 55.8%. Study variables were a clinical and demographic structured survey, lifestyle survey, physical examination (weight, height, BMI, waist and hip circumference, blood pressure) and OGTT (75 g).
Results
Almost 30% of the study population had some carbohydrate disturbance. The overall prevalence of diabetes mellitus adjusted for age and sex was 13.8% (95% CI 12.8, 14.7%), of which about half had unknown diabetes: 6.0% (95% CI 5.4, 6.7%). The age- and sex-adjusted prevalence rates of isolated impaired fasting glucose (IFG), isolated impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and combined IFG–IGT were 3.4% (95% CI 2.9, 4.0%), 9.2% (95% CI 8.2, 10.2%) and 2.2% (95% CI 1.7, 2.7%), respectively. The prevalence of diabetes and impaired glucose regulation increased significantly with age (
p
< 0.0001), and was higher in men than in women (
p
< 0.001).
Conclusions/interpretation
The Di@bet.es Study shows, for the first time, the prevalence rates of diabetes and impaired glucose regulation in a representative sample of the Spanish population.
In this study, a new hybrid material with superior CO2 sorption capacity was prepared by the growth of carbon nanotubes (CNT) into the macroporous structure of acid carbonized fibers (ACF). The ...growth of CNT was carried out by chemical vapor deposition using acetylene as a carbon source for 3.5 min at 700 °C. Selected materials were characterized by N2 physisorption, FTIR, potentiometric titrations, acid digestions, Raman spectroscopy, scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The CO2 capture was measured in static mode at pressure up to 10 atm in a sorptometer and in dynamic mode in a thermogravimetric analyzer at pressure of 1 atm. CNTs were homogeneously grown on the entire surface of ACF. The surface area of carbonized fibers increased from 2 to 452 m2/g after CNT growth and treatment at 300 °C for 1 min in air. The CO2 capture capacity of the ACF increased from 2.30 to 3.51 mmol/g at 25 °C and 10 atm after CNTs growth and air treatment (ACF3-CNT-AT1). The CO2 capture rate was also higher, from 0.023 to 0.032 mmol/g·min for ACF and ACF3-CNT-AT1 at 25 °C and 1 atm, respectively. These results were mainly attributed to the increase in basic groups and highly reactive edge sites. In addition, regeneration capacities of 99% and 95% were obtained for the first 3 sorption-desorption cycles and an apparent selectivity (QCO2/QN2) of 1.65 and 2.48 for ACF and ACF3-CNT-AT1, respectively. The rapid sorption-desorption kinetics, coupled with the high reversibility of CNT-modified ACFs, makes this hybrid material viable for use in CO2 capture systems.
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•CNT grew homogeneously onto ACF.•ACF containing CNT improved the CO2 capture capacity by 38.8%.•Modified ACF reported a CO2 capture capacity of 1.61 mmol/g in 50 min.•ACF containing CNT are 95% regenerable after three adsorption-desorption cycles.
Previous data support the benefits of reducing dietary saturated fatty acids (SFAs) on insulin resistance (IR) and other metabolic risk factors. However, whether the IR status of those suffering from ...metabolic syndrome (MetS) affects this response is not established.
Our objective was to determine whether the degree of IR influences the effect of substituting high-saturated fatty acid (HSFA) diets by isoenergetic alterations in the quality and quantity of dietary fat on MetS risk factors.
In this single-blind, parallel, controlled, dietary intervention study, MetS subjects (n = 472) from 8 European countries classified by different IR levels according to homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) were randomly assigned to 4 diets: an HSFA diet; a high-monounsaturated fatty acid (HMUFA) diet; a low-fat, high-complex carbohydrate (LFHCC) diet supplemented with long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (1.2 g/d); or an LFHCC diet supplemented with placebo for 12 wk (control). Anthropometric, lipid, inflammatory, and IR markers were determined.
Insulin-resistant MetS subjects with the highest HOMA-IR improved IR, with reduced insulin and HOMA-IR concentrations after consumption of the HMUFA and LFHCC n-3 diets (P < 0.05). In contrast, subjects with lower HOMA-IR showed reduced body mass index and waist circumference after consumption of the LFHCC control and LFHCC n-3 diets and increased HDL cholesterol concentrations after consumption of the HMUFA and HSFA diets (P < 0.05). MetS subjects with a low to medium HOMA-IR exhibited reduced blood pressure, triglyceride, and LDL cholesterol levels after the LFHCC n-3 diet and increased apolipoprotein A-I concentrations after consumption of the HMUFA and HSFA diets (all P < 0.05).
Insulin-resistant MetS subjects with more metabolic complications responded differently to dietary fat modification, being more susceptible to a health effect from the substitution of SFAs in the HMUFA and LFHCC n-3 diets. Conversely, MetS subjects without IR may be more sensitive to the detrimental effects of HSFA intake. The metabolic phenotype of subjects clearly determines response to the quantity and quality of dietary fat on MetS risk factors, which suggests that targeted and personalized dietary therapies may be of value for its different metabolic features. This study was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00429195.
We prospectively collected data on all patients with stage IB1 cervical cancer, who underwent total laparoscopic radical hysterectomy with the use of a modified uterine manipulator. From January 2000 ...to December 2005, 54 patients met the study criteria. The mean age was 41.8 ± 7.47 years. Average BMI (kg/m2) was 27.38 ± 3.13. Squamous carcinoma and adenocarcinoma were found in 88.88% and 11.11% of the cases, respectively. The average surgical time was 265 ± 70.8 min. The mean estimated blood loss was 276.11 ± 123.03 ml. The average patient lymph node count was 19.64 ± 5.08. Positive malignant lymph nodes were identified in 11.11% of the cases. Surgical margins were free of disease in all patients. The mean hospital stay was 1.5 ± 1 days. There was no mortality. Total laparoscopic radical hysterectomy can be considered a safe alternative to laparotomy. The use of a uterine manipulator does not pose an increased surgical risk and allows for a simpler and more feasible procedure.
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