UV‐cured epoxy‐based polymeric film was prepared from glycidyl methacrylate, trimethylolpropane triacrylate, and poly(ethylene glycol) methylether acrylate. 2‐hydroxy‐2‐ methylpropiophenone was used ...as photo initiator. Covalent binding through epoxy groups was employed to immobilize β‐galactosidase from Escherichia coli onto this film, and immobilization conditions were optimized by the response surface methodology. ATR‐Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis was carried out to characterize the epoxy‐based polymeric film. Immobilization yield of β‐galactosidase on the material was calculated as 3.57 mg/g and the highest enzyme activity for the immobilized enzyme recorded at pH 6.5°C and 60°C. The immobilized enzyme preserved 51% of its activity at the end of 12 runs. Free and immobilized enzyme hydrolyzed 163.8 and 172.3 µM lactose from 1% lactose, respectively. Kinetic parameters of both free and immobilized β‐galactosidase were also investigated, and Km values were determined to be 0.647 and 0.7263 mM, respectively.
Practical applications
In our study we prepared a UV‐cured epoxy‐based polymeric film and optimized the immobilization conditions of β‐galactosidase from Escherichia coli onto this polymeric film by using response surface methodology (RSM). For this purpose, three‐level and three‐factor Box–Behnken design, which is an independent, rotatable or nearly rotatable, quadratic design, was applied. Optimal levels of three variables, namely, the amount of enzyme, immobilization time, and pH were determined using Box–Behnken experimental design. Lactose hydrolysis studies were performed from milk and lactose samples using free and immobilized enzyme. In addition, kinetic parameters, storage stability, and re‐usability of immobilized β‐galactosidase were examined.
In our study we prepared an UV‐cured epoxy‐based polymeric film and optimized the immobilization conditions of β‐galactosidase from E. coli onto this polymeric film by using RSM. Lactose hydrolysis studies were performed from milk and lactose samples using free and immobilized enzyme. In addition, kinetic parameters, storage stability and re‐usability of immobilized β‐galactosidase were examined.
The aim of the study with the title ‘‘Functions of Family Court Experts in Resolution of Family Disputes” is to analyze legal remedies and mediation in resolving family disputes and the role of ...family experts throughout the process.The study firstly deals with the legal remedies and mediation to resolve family disputes in Turkish Law within the legal framework and to identify the status of famil court experts.Second chapter of the study dwells on duties, working principles and methods of family court experts in Turkish Law. Whilst chapter three searches for family disputes solving mechanisms and the functions of the family court experts in the law systems of other countreis in order to make a comparative analysis with the family dispute resolution mechanisms and the functions of the family court experts in Turkish Law, conclusion is dedicated to provide an evaluation.
Cardiovascular diseases are one of the primary causes of deaths worldwide, and the development of atherosclerosis is closely related to hypercholesterolemia. As the reduction of the low‐density ...lipoprotein cholesterol level is critical for treating these diseases, the inhibition of 3‐hydroxy‐3‐methyl‐glutaryl coenzyme A (HMG‐CoA) reductase, which is essentially responsible for cholesterol biosynthesis, stands out as a key solution to lower plasma cholesterol levels. In this study, we synthesized several dihydroxycoumarins and investigated their antioxidant and in vitro HMG‐CoA reductase inhibitory effects. Furthermore, we carried out in silico studies and examined the quantum‐chemical properties of the coumarin derivatives. We also performed molecular docking experiments and analyzed the binding strength of each coumarin derivative. Our results revealed that compound IV displayed the highest HMG‐CoA reductase inhibitory activity (IC50 = 42.0 µM) in vitro. Cupric‐reducing antioxidant capacity and ferric‐reducing antioxidant power assays demonstrated that coumarin derivatives exhibit potent antioxidant activities. Additionally, a close relationship was found between the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital energy levels and the antioxidant activities.
Five dihydroxycoumarins were synthesized and investigated for their antioxidant and in vitro 3‐hydroxy‐3‐methyl‐glutaryl coenzyme A (HMG‐CoA) reductase inhibitory effects. The quantum‐chemical properties of the coumarin derivatives were explored and molecular docking was performed to determine the binding strength of each coumarin derivative. Compound IV displayed the highest HMG‐CoA reductase inhibitory activity, with IC50 = 42.0 µM.
Elizabethkingia meningoseptica is a Gram-negative bacteria which can cause rare but severe infections in humans. Here, we report a case of sepsis due to E. meningoseptica in an immunocompetent ...pediatric patient. While a 32-month-old girl with a diagnosis of cerebral palsy was being followed in the pediatric intensive care unit, fever and general condition disorder developed. Laboratory results showed white blood cell count: 18600/mm3, hemoglobin level: 9.0 g/dl, platelet count: 186000/mm3, and C-reactive protein level: 17.5 mg/L (0-5 mg/L). Clinical sepsis was suspected and empirical treatment of vancomycin (60 mg/kg/24 h: Q6 h) and cefepime (150 mg/kg/24 h: Q8 h) was started. However, blood culture resulted as E. meningoseptica which was susceptible to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole and ciprofloxacin. The patient was successfully treated with trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole plus ciprofloxacin for 14 days. Keywords: Bacteremia; Elizabethkingia meningoseptica; pediatri. Elizabethkingia meningoseptica, insanlarda nadir fakat ciddi enfeksiyonlara neden olabilen gram negatif bir bakteridir. Burada immunkompetan bir cocuk hastada Elizabethkingia meningoseptica'ya bagli sepsis olgusunu sunuyoruz. Otuz iki aylik kiz cocugu serebral palsi tanisiyla cocuk yogun bakim unitesinde takip edilirken ates ve genel durum bozuklugu gelisiyor. Laboratuvar sonuclari, 18600/mm.sup.3 beyaz kan hucresi (WBC) sayisi, 9.0 g/dl hemoglobin seviyesi, 186000/mm3 trombosit sayisi, 17.5 mg/L (0-5 mg/L) C-reaktif protein seviyeleri gosterdi. Klinik sepsis suphesi ile vankomisin (60 mg/kg/24h: Q6h) ve sefepim (150 mg/kg/24h: Q8h) ampirik tedavisine baslandi. Kan kulturunde trimetoprim// Sulfametoksazol ve siprofloksasine duyarli Elizabethkingia meningoseptica olarak sonuclanmistir. Hasta trimetoprim//Sulfametoksazol arti siprofloksasin ile 14 gun basariyla tedavi edildi. Anahtar Sozcukler: Bakteriyemi; Elizabethkingia meningoseptica; pediatri.
Background: Although the risk and related factors of hyperkalemia developed in the hospital are known in elderly, risk and related factors of community-acquired hyperkalemia (CAH) in this population ...are not well known. This study was performed to investigate the risk of CAH in elderly and evaluate the related factors and clinical outcomes.
Study design, setting and participants, intervention: Patients (aged ≥65 years) with hyperkalemia were screened. Group 1 (young-old); 65-74 years/old, Group 2 (middle-old); 75-84 years/old, Group 3 (oldest-old); ≥85 years/old, and Group 4 (control group); ≥65 years/old (normal serum potassium levels). The relation between CAH and hospital expenses (HE), the number of comorbid diseases (NCD), and all-cause of mortality rates (MR) were evaluated. We also investigated whether drugs, sex, and NCD are risk factors for the development of CAH.
Results: There was a positive correlation between serum potassium levels and length of hospital stay, MR, HE, and NCD (p < 0.001). Risk factors for CAH were the use of non-steroidal-anti inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) (Odds Ratio OR: 2.679), spironolactone (OR: 2.530), and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI) (OR: 2.242), angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB) (OR: 2.679), ≥2 comorbid diseases (OR: 2.221), female gender (OR: 2.112), and renal injury (OR: 5.55). CAH risk was found to be increased 30.03 times when any of ACEI, ARB, NSAIDs, or spironolactone is given to a patient with a renal injury.
Conclusion: Use of NSAIDs, ACEI, ARB, spironolactone and increased NCD are all independent risk factors for CAH in the elderly, especially in patients with kidney diseases.
In this study, a polyethylene glycol (PEG)‐maleimide film was prepared by a thiol‐ene click reaction. The covalent immobilization of amylase was carried out onto the PEG‐maleimide based photo‐curable ...network via epoxy and C=O groups without any linker. The epoxy and carbonyl groups on the PEG backbone improved the affinity of the enzyme. The immobilization yield of amylase onto the film was 72.46%. The immobilization capacity was also determined as 313 mg/g. The thermal stability of amylase improved via covalent attachment. Immobilized amylase showed maximum activity at 40 °C and pH 6.5. The immobilized amylase continued to retain 66% of its initial activity after 30 days.
Hetero‐bifunctional PEG was synthesized from hydroxyphenyl maleimide and poly(ethylene glycol) diglycidyl ether. PEG‐maleimide‐epoxy film was prepared by thiol‐ene click chemistry. α‐Amylase was immobilized with one step process onto the PEG‐maleimide film without any coupling agent. Immobilization yield was calculated as 72.46%. Immobilized amylase showed 100% activity at 40 °C and pH 6.5.
Bu çalışmada Halkevleri'nin 1932-1951 yılları arasında faaliyet gösterdiği dönemdeki kuruluşu, genişlemesi ve kapanış macerası ele alınmıştır. Evler, aslen Cumhuriyet Halk Partisi'nin ...Cumhuriyetçilik, Milliyetçilik, Halkçılık, Devletçilik, Laiklik ve İnkılapçılık prensiplerine dayanan bir kuruluş içerisinde ortaya çıkmıştır. Milli kültürün vatandaşlara benimsetilmesi amacına dayanan ve Türk milletinin sosyal, kültürel ve siyasal gelişimini hedefleyen Halkevleri; 1932 yılında kurulmuştur. Evler; kültür, eğitim, güzel sanatlar, folklor, spor gibi birçok alana odaklanmıştır. Evlerin toplum sağlığının korunması ve geliştirilmesine ilişkin faaliyeti ise, bu çalışmanın ana konusunu oluşturmaktadır.1932 yılında Halkevleri'nin faaliyete başlamasının ardından CHP, 1940'larda Halkodaları isimli kuruluşları da Halkevleri'nin birer küçük örneği olarak yurda kazandırmıştır. Böylece taşraya açılma imkânı bulan bu kuruluşlar, ülkenin her bir yanına farklı şubeleri ile yayılmıştır. Halkevleri'nde; Edebiyat, Tarih, Güzel Sanatlar, Temsil, Spor, Halk Dershaneleri ve Kurslar, Kütüphane ve Neşriyat, Köycüler, Tarih ve Sergi Şubelerine ek olarak İçtimai (Sosyal) Yardım Şubesi de bulunmakta olup; toplum sağlığının gelişimine ilişkin faaliyetler bu şube altında yürütülmüştür.Bu çalışmada öncelikle Cumhuriyet öncesi ve sonrası sağlık politikaları ele alınmıştır. Ardından, Halkevleri'nin gelişim süreci kronolojik olarak aktarılmıştır. Evlerin toplum sağlığının korunmasına yönelik faaliyetleri, Sosyal Yardım Şubesi çerçevesinde değerlendirilmiştir. Şubenin yürüttüğü klinik, hastane, darülaceze, dispanser, çocuk doğum-bakım evleri, kreş ve tedavi yurtları açmak gibi ana sağlık bakım faaliyetleri yanında, toplu etkinlikler, konferanslar ve basın yayın yolu ile de sağlığın gelişimine sunduğu katkılar bulunmaktadır.Faaliyetlerin şube ve etkinlik anlamında yurt geneline yaygınlığı ve sağlık hizmetlerinden yararlanan vatandaşların sayısı düşünüldüğünde, Halkevleri'nin toplum sağlığının korunması hususunda ortaya ne derece ciddi bir iş çıkardıkları görülecektir.
The ability of Archaea to adapt their membrane lipid compositions to extreme environments has brought in archaeosomes into consideration for the development of drug delivery systems overcoming the ...physical, biological blockades that the body exhibits against drug therapies. In this study, we prepared unilamellar archaeosomes, from the polar lipid fraction extracted from Haloarcula 2TK2 strain, and explored its potential as a drug delivery vehicle. Rifampicin and isoniazid which are conventional drugs in tuberculosis medication were loaded separately and together in the same archaeosome formulation for the benefits of the combined therapy. Particle size and zeta potential of archaeosomes were measured by photon correlation spectroscopy, and the morphology was assessed by with an atomic force microscope. Encapsulation efficiency and loading capacities of the drugs were determined, and in vitro drug releases were monitored spectrophotometrically. Our study demonstrates that rifampicin and isoniazid could be successfully loaded separately and together in archaeosomes with reasonable drug‐loading and desired vesicle‐specific characters. Both of the drugs had greater affinity for archaeosomes than a conventional liposome formulation. The results imply that archaeosomes prepared from extremely halophilic archaeon were compatible with the liposomes for the development of stable and sustained release of antituberculosis drugs.
Unilamellar archaeosomes were prepared from the polar lipid fraction extracted from Haloarcula 2TK2 strain, and its potential as a drug delivery vehicle was explored using rifampicin and isoniazid. Particle size, zeta potential, morphology, encapsulation efficiency, and loading capacities of the archaeosomes were analyzed. The results demonstrated that rifampicin and isoniazid were successfully loaded in archaeosomes prepared from extremely halophilic archaeon, and the results were compatible with the liposomes for the development of stable and sustained release of antituberculosis drugs.
Objective: Antibodies against the S protein are used to investigate post-vaccine and post-infection immunity. In this study, it was aimed to determine the antibody levels and the efficacy of the ...vaccine after the CoronaVac vaccine in healthcare workers. Methods: Data from 96 healthcare workers who had the CoronaVac vaccine were analyzed. From the first dose, monthly antibody measurements were made over a 5-months period with an interval of 28 days between two vaccine doses. Total antibodies (IgM and IgG) against SARS-CoV-2 were detected by the Electrochemiluminescence method using the Elecsys(r) Anti-SARS-CoV-2 S kit, which contains recombinant protein representing the receptor-binding site of the S1 antigen. Results: 51% (n=49) of the volunteers aged 22-69 (39.75 + or -11.19) were female. The mean antibody concentration was 8.93 U/mL one month after the first vaccine dose, 171.30 IU/ mL one month after the second vaccine dose, 125.90 IU/mL two months after the second dose, 98.57 IU three months later, and 89.85 IU/mL after four months. Increase in antibody levels in the first and second months; The decreases in antibody levels in the in the following months were statistically significant. The proportion of subjects with antibody positivity greater than or equal to 0.8 IU/mL and developing neutralizing antibodies (greater than or equal to 15 IU/mL) was 68.75% and 5.21% after the first dose of vaccination. The rate of individuals developing neutralizing antibodies were 100%, 93.8%, 91.7%, and 89.6% with regard to the months after the second dose of vaccination. One person had SARS-CoV-2 D3L-containing variant (UK variant) PCR positivity 9 weeks after the second vaccine dose. Conclusion: In the long-term follow-up, the neutralizing antibody level was found to be significantly higher even at the end of the 5th month, indicating that the vaccine is protective. The decrease in post-vaccination antibody concentrations and the emergence of new SARSCOV-2 variants suggest that a booster dose may be beneficial. Keywords: Antibody detection; CoronaVAC; immunity; inactivated vaccine; SARS-CoV-2. Amac: S proteini bir transmembran proteini olup bu proteine karsi gelisen antikorlar, asi sonrasi ve gecirilmis enfeksiyon sonrasi bagisikligi arastirmak icin kullanilmaktadir. Bu calismada saglik calisanlarinda CoronaVac asisi sonrasi antikor duzeylerinin ve asinin etkinliginin arastirilmasi amaclanmistir. Gerec ve Yontem: CoronaVac asisi uygulanmis, 96 saglik personeline ait verinin analizi yapilmistir. Iki asi dozu arasinda 28 gun birakilarak birinci dozdan itibaren bes aylik periodda aylik antikor olcumleri yapildi. SARS-CoV-2'ye karsi olusan total antikorlar (IgM ve IgG), elektro-kemiluminesans yontemi ve S1 antijeninin reseptor baglanma alanini temsil eden rekombinant protein iceren ElecsysR Anti-SARS-CoV-2 S kiti ile saptandi ve karsilastirildi. Bulgular: Yaslari 22-69 (39.75 + or - 11.19) arasinda degisen gonullulerin %51'i (n=49) kadindi. Ortalama antikor konsantrasyonu birinci doz asi uygulamasindan bir ay sonra 8.93 U/mL, ikinci doz asidan bir ay sonra 171.30 IU/mL, ikinci doz asidan iki ay sonra 125.90 IU/mL, uc ay sonra 98.57 IU/mL, dort ay sonraysa 89.85 IU/mL olarak tespit edilmistir. Birinci ve ikinci aylarda antikor duzeylerindeki artis; ucuncu, dorduncu ve besinci aylarda antikor duzeylerindeki azalmalar istatistiksel olarak anlamli bulunmustur. Antikor pozitifligi greater than or equal to 0.8 IU/mL gozlenen ve notralizan antikor (greater than or equal to 15 IU/mL) gelisen gonullulerin orani ilk doz asi sonrasi %68.75 ve %5.21 olarak bulunmustur. Notralizan antikor gelistiren birey orani, ikinci doz asi sonrasi ise aylara gore %I00, %93.8, %9I.7 ve %89.6 seklindedir. Bir kiside, ikinci doz asidan dokuz hafta sonra SARS- CoV-2 D3L iceren varyant (Ingiltere varyanti) PCR pozitifligi saptanmistir. Sonuc: Uzun sureli takiplerde notralizan antikor seviyesinin besinci ayin sonunda dahi anlamli olarak yuksek bulunmasi asinin koruyucu oldugunu gostermektedir. Asi sonrasi antikor konsantrasyonlarinin dusmesi ve SARS-COV-2'nin yeni varyantlarinin ortaya cikmasi, destek asi dozunun faydali olabilecegini dusundurmektedir. Anahtar Sozcukler: Antikor tespiti; CoronaVac; immunite; inaktif asi; SARS-CoV-2.
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