The epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) plays a critical role during normal development and in cancer progression. EMT is induced by various signaling pathways, including TGF-β, BMP, ...Wnt-β-catenin, NOTCH, Shh, and receptor tyrosine kinases. In this study, we performed single-cell RNA sequencing on MCF10A cells undergoing EMT by TGF-β1 stimulation. Our comprehensive analysis revealed that cells progress through EMT at different paces. Using pseudotime clustering reconstruction of gene-expression profiles during EMT, we found sequential and parallel activation of EMT signaling pathways. We also observed various transitional cellular states during EMT. We identified regulatory signaling nodes that drive EMT with the expression of important microRNAs and transcription factors. Using a random circuit perturbation methodology, we demonstrate that the NOTCH signaling pathway acts as a key driver of TGF-β-induced EMT. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the gene signatures of pseudotime clusters corresponding to the intermediate hybrid EMT state are associated with poor patient outcome. Overall, this study provides insight into context-specific drivers of cancer progression and highlights the complexities of the EMT process.
•Gas removal process in HER under sonication was recorded by high-speed camera.•Bubbles experience fragmentation, collision and attraction under sonication.•Ultrasound reduces the critical size and ...residence time of bubbles in HER.•Ultrasound enables the faster removal of bubbles from the electrode surface.•Ultrasound improves water electrolysis efficiency.
In electrochemical processes, gas bubbles on the electrode can cause an increase in both overpotential and ohmic voltage drop which leads to higher energy consumption. Applying power ultrasound during water electrolysis can help to reduce the overpotential, enhance mass transfer, and save energy. In this study, we investigated the effect of ultrasound (20 kHz) on the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) on a stainless steel plate with varying concentrations of NaOH solutions at 298 K, using linear sweep voltammetry (LSV). We especially focused on understanding the bubble behavior on the stainless steel plate during HER using high-speed imaging in ultrasonic field. When ultrasound was applied to solutions with NaOH concentrations of 0.1, 0.5, 1 M, the current density increased by about 9.0, 5.9, 2.8 %, respectively. As the ultrasound irradiation began, the bubbles tended to hover around on the electrode surface, coalescing with other bubbles, rather than rising. When the size of the coalesced bubbles became too large to stay on the surface of the electrode, they were expelled from the ultrasonic field. The repeated collapse and coalescence of these bubbles was observed while they were rising. The velocity increased about 2 times when ultrasound irradiation began, and increased by more than 6 times in the ultrasonic field. More nucleation of bubbles was observed on the electrode in the ultrasonic field. Using ultrasound reduced the critical diameter of bubbles which detached from the electrode, from 58.0 to 15.9 μm, and the residence time of the bubbles, from 533 to 118 ms. Further, when the ultrasound was applied, the mean diameter of bubbles decreased from 71.8 to 17 μm. Hence, bubble coverage on the electrode surface decreased from 8.3 to 1 % despite an increase in the total number of bubbles. As a result, ultrasound was found to be effective for hydrogen production during water electrolysis, increasing current by the faster removal of gas from the stainless steel plate.
The epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) enables dissociation of tumour cells from the primary tumour mass, invasion through the extracellular matrix, intravasation into blood vessels and ...colonisation of distant organs. Cells that revert to the epithelial state via the mesenchymal-epithelial transition cause metastases, the primary cause of death in cancer patients. EMT also empowers cancer cells with stem-cell properties and induces resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs. Understanding the driving factors of EMT is critical for the development of effective therapeutic interventions.
This manuscript describes the generation of a database containing EMT gene signatures derived from cell lines, patient-derived xenografts and patient studies across cancer types and multiomics data and the creation of a web-based portal to provide a comprehensive analysis resource.
EMTome incorporates (i) EMT gene signatures; (ii) EMT-related genes with multiomics features across different cancer types; (iii) interactomes of EMT-related genes (miRNAs, transcription factors, and proteins); (iv) immune profiles identified from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) cohorts by exploring transcriptomics, epigenomics, and proteomics, and drug sensitivity and (iv) clinical outcomes of cancer cohorts linked to EMT gene signatures.
The web-based EMTome portal is a resource for primary and metastatic tumour research publicly available at www.emtome.org .
An experiment was conducted to study the effect of high temperature stress on the antioxidant enzyme activity in five wheat genotypes viz., PBW 343, PBW 175, HDR-77, HD 2815 and HD 2865. There was ...significant increase in the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and catalase (CAT) in the late and very late planting and at all stages of plant growth, i.e., vegetative, anthesis and 15 days after anthesis (DAA), however glutathione reductase (GR) and peroxidase (POX) activity decreased under late and very late plantings compared to normal planting. In general HD 2815, HDR-77 showed relatively higher SOD, APX, GR, CAT and POX activity in the late plantings compared to PBW 343, PBW 175 and HD 2865. Significant reduction in chlorophyll content and increase in membrane injury index were observed in all genotypes with age, and also under late and very late sowings at all the stages of plant growth. However HD 2815 and HDR-77, which showed highest activity of various antioxidant enzymes under late and very late sowing also showed minimum reduction in chlorophyll content and lower membrane injury index, indicating the amelioration of high temperature stress induced oxidative stress by antioxidant enzymes. Various antioxidant enzymes showed positive correlation (r) with chlorophyll content and negative with membrane injury index at most of the stages in the five wheat genotypes.
It is remarkable that time delay is an experimentally measurable quantity, but time itself is not. Time delay in quantum collisions and in photoionisation/photodetachment of atomic and molecular ...systems is reviewed in this paper. Wigner-Eisenbud formalism of time delay in quantum collision of a wavepacket with a target is discussed. Its equivalence with Smith's formalism of time delay, based on an independent basis for time delay in terms of excess particle density in the collision zone, is demonstrated. Similarity and difference between quantum collision of an electron with a positive atomic/molecular ion and photoionisation/photodetachment of a neutral atom/molecule are discussed, and the underlying quantum dynamics involving the time-reversal symmetry between solutions with outgoing and ingoing wave boundary conditions is pointed out to interpret photoionisation/photodetachment as half-scattering. This relationship is subsequently taken advantage to extend the formalism of Wigner-Eisenbud-Smith time delay in photoionisation/photodetachment. The measurability of time delay is accounted for in terms of a self-adjoint quantum operator that characterises it, even if there is no such operator for time itself. A few illustrative examples of theoretical and experimental studies of time delay are given to indicate outstanding advances made in this field in the last two decades.
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•Development of high density ZnO nanowires by chemical vapor deposition technique.•Unique preparation of vertically well aligned ZnO nanowires on Pt coated Si-wafer.•ZnO nanowires ...have average length and diameter of 6 μm and 65 nm, respectively.•ZnO nanowires shows enhanced photocurrent density and water splitting efficiency.
Vertically aligned ZnO nanowires were developed on Pt coated Si-wafer by chemical vapor deposition. ZnO nanowires demonstrate maximum photocurrent density of 1.47 mA/cm2, and water splitting efficiency of 0.34% under the light illumination. Therefore, ZnO nanowires developed on the Pt coated Si-wafer could be an excellent photoelectrode for solar energy related applications.
Nanocrystalline SnO2 thin films were deposited by simple and inexpensive chemical route. The films were characterized for their structural, morphological, wettability and electrochemical properties ...using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy techniques (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), contact angle measurement, and cyclic voltammetry techniques. The XRD study revealed the deposited films were nanocrystalline with tetragonal rutile structure of SnO2. The FT-IR studies confirmed the formation of SnO2 with the characteristic vibrational mode of Sn-O. The SEM studies showed formation of loosely connected agglomerates with average size of 5-10nm as observed from TEM studies. The surface wettability showed the hydrophilic nature of SnO2 thin film (water contact angle 9 degree ). The SnO2 showed a maximum specific capacitance of 66Fg-1 in 0.5 Na2SO4 electrolyte at 10mVs-1 scan rate.
•The input heat flux is having negligible influence on the thermal resistance of heat sink.•The experimental results confirms the optimum fin spacing in terms of void fraction at α=0.702.•The optimum ...fin height in terms of aspect ratio, ϒ, is close to ϒ=8.2 for staggered arrangement.•For inline arrangement, the influence of fin height is diminishing after aspect ratio, ϒ=8.16.•The staggered arrangement is having better air side performance by 25–51% than inline arrangement.
In this paper, the effects of design parameters have been experimentally investigated for the air side thermal performance under mixed (combined natural and forced) convection of the fully shrouded elliptical pin fin heat sinks and the values of optimum design parameters are sought. A theoretical model is used to predict the influence of various geometrical, thermal and flow parameters on the thermal resistance of the heat sink. An experimental measurement technique is utilized to indirectly measure the overall heat transfer coefficient of the heat sink in mixed convection with assisting flow. The thermal performance characteristics are obtained for various parameters with inline and staggered layout of the pin fin heat sinks resulting in optimum heat sink void fraction (α), and pin fin aspect ratio (ϒ). The comparative thermal performances of circular and elliptical profiled pin fin heat sinks are presented. Based on experimental data for the range of fin, air flow and heat sink parameters, with aspect ratio, 5.1⩽ϒ⩽9.18; heat sink void fraction, 0.534⩽α⩽0.884; approach velocity, 0.1⩽U∞⩽0.5; longitudinal fin pitch, 18⩽SL⩽36mm; transverse fin pitch, 9⩽ST⩽18mm; elliptical pin fin axis ratio ∊=0.66 and mixed convection parameter, 1⩽Grd/Red⩽100; generalized empirical correlations are developed for elliptical pin fin heat sink.
The degeneracy associated with dynamical symmetry of a potential can be identified in quantum mechanics, by solving the Schrödinger equation analytically, using the method of separation of variables ...in at least two different coordinate systems, and in classical mechanics by solving the Hamilton–Jacobi equation. In the present pedagogical review, the notion of separability and superintegrability of a potential, with profound implications, is discussed. In an earlier tutorial paper, we addressed the n
2
-fold degeneracy of the hydrogen atom using the Casimir operators corresponding to the SO(4) symmetry of the 1/r potential. The present paper is a sequel to that work, in which we solve the Schrödinger equation for the hydrogen atom using separation of variables in the parabolic coordinate systems. In doing so, we take the opportunity to revisit some excellent works on symmetry and degeneracy in classical and quantum physics, if only to draw attention to these insightful studies, which unfortunately miss even a mention in most undergraduate and even graduate level courses in quantum mechanics and atomic physics.
The present work reports the development of Au-nanoparticle decorated ZnO-TiO2 core-shell nanowires on the Si-wafer. The developed Au-nanoparticle decorated ZnO-TiO2 core-shell nanowires exhibit a ...unique structure with uniform sensitization of Au-nanoparticles with the diameter in the range of 5–9 nm on the ZnO-TiO2 core-shell heterostructure. This unique structure of Au-nanoparticle decorated ZnO-TiO2 core-shell nanowires demonstrates an enhanced photocurrent density of 1.63 mAcm−2 upon illumination by visible light unveiling high photoelectrochemical water splitting activity. This photocurrent density is higher than the pristine ZnO nanowires (0.51 mAcm−2) and ZnO-TiO2 core-shell nanowires (1.23 mAcm−2). Furthermore, photoelectrochemical water splitting efficiency of Au-nanoparticle decorated ZnO-TiO2 core-shell nanowires was found to be 0.70%, which is higher than the ZnO nanowires (0.22%) and ZnO-TiO2 core-shell nanowires (0.53%) at the same applied potential of +0.8 VRHE. The improved photocurrent density and efficiency is due to the enhanced absorbance in the visible region owing to the surface plasmon resonance effect of Au-nanoparticle, effective withdrawal of hot electron from the Au-nanoparticle at the interface of metal/semiconductor due to Schottky barrier as well as excellent charge-separation and transportation originating from the core-shell nanowires.
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•Development of Au decorated ZnO-TiO2 core-shell NWs by CVD and photo-deposition.•Au decorated ZnO-TiO2 core-shell NWs shows the photocurrent density of 1.63 mAcm−2.•Au decorated ZnO-TiO2 core-shell NWs shows the fast photoresponse.•Au decorated ZnO-TiO2 core-shell NWs shows photoconversion efficiency of 0.70%.
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