4D printing has attracted tremendous interest since its first conceptualization in 2013. 4D printing derived from the fast growth and interdisciplinary research of smart materials, 3D printer, and ...design. Compared with the static objects created by 3D printing, 4D printing allows a 3D printed structure to change its configuration or function with time in response to external stimuli such as temperature, light, water, etc., which makes 3D printing alive. Herein, the material systems used in 4D printing are reviewed, with emphasis on mechanisms and potential applications. After a brief overview of the definition, history, and basic elements of 4D printing, the state‐of‐the‐art advances in 4D printing for shape‐shifting materials are reviewed in detail. Both single material and multiple materials using different mechanisms for shape changing are summarized. In addition, 4D printing of multifunctional materials, such as 4D bioprinting, is briefly introduced. Finally, the trend of 4D printing and the perspectives for this exciting new field are highlighted.
4D printing allows 3D printed structures to change their configurations or functions with time in response to external stimuli. Herein, the material system is reviewed based on the mechanism and potential applications for advances in 4D printing. The trends of 4D printing are discussed and the perspectives for this exciting new field are provided.
Cryptocurrencies are emerging digital currencies that allow anonymity in accessing various risk-taking activities through the Internet (e.g., drugs, gambling). However, given conceptual links to ...high-risk stocks, the present study sought to assess the association between trading cryptocurrencies and problem gambling. Data was collected through a cross-sectional online survey. Advertisement for the survey was posted on Amazon's Mechanical Turk. Participants were adults who had gambled at least monthly in the past year (N = 876; 58.33% male; M = 33.74 years, SD = 9.73). Participants completed the Problem Gambling Severity Index, Patient Health Questionnaire (2-item version), and Generalized Anxiety Disorder scale (2-item version). Trading cryptocurrencies is strongly associated with problem gambling severity (r = 0.53, p < .001). Results from a linear regression with backwards elimination revealed that sports betting, daily fantasy sports, high-risk stock trading, and problem gambling severity contribute to trading cryptocurrencies more frequently in the past year, whereas gambling in on-land casinos contributed to less cryptocurrency trading. Finally, trading cryptocurrencies overlapped strongly with trading high-risk stocks. Moreover, gamblers who engaged in both forms of trading reported greater problem gambling and depression and anxiety symptoms relative to those trading either cryptocurrencies or high-risk stocks, but not both. The present results suggest that trading cryptocurrencies may be appealing to gamblers that are exhibiting greater problem gambling severity. Future research should begin to include cryptocurrency trading in screening, assessment, and treatment protocols, particularly with regular gamblers.
•>50% of regular gamblers have traded cryptocurrencies in the past year•Trading cryptocurrencies is linked to high-risk stock trading•Trading cryptocurrencies is associated with risk for problem gambling, depression and anxiety•Further directions for cryptocurrency research are provided
•Steam treatment for 90 s reduced lipase activity in wheat by 81%.•Steam treatment for 90 s did not change starch and gluten properties.•Steam treatment for 90 s reduced hydrolytic rancidity during ...whole flour storage.•Steam treatment for 90 s reduced lipid oxidation products in whole flour dough.
The effects of steaming wheat kernels on lipolytic degradation of resulting whole flour was studied by quantifying enzyme activities and lipid degradation products during storage. Lipase, lipoxygenase, polyphenol oxidase, and peroxidase activities were decreased by up to 81%, 63%, 22%, and 34%, respectively, as the time of steaming increased up to 90 s. Steaming had no effect on starch and gluten properties. Upon storage free fatty acids decreased with respect to time of steaming. Time of steaming did not affect lipid oxidation in flour; however, total carbonyls produced in dough made from stored flour were decreased with the increase in steaming duration. Thus, steaming wheat kernels prior to milling reduced lipase activity and consequently hydrolytic rancidity during storage without affecting starch and gluten fractions. Steam treatment did not affect oxidative rancidity in flour during storage, but did reduce oxidation once the flour was made into a dough.
Internet Gaming Disorder (IGD) suggests a sustained, problematic pattern of video gaming contributing to both physical and psychological harms. Applications of self-determination theory have revealed ...two correlates of IGD: (1) daily frustration of basic needs (i.e., competence, autonomy, and relatedness), and (2) stronger extrinsic gaming motivations. Theory and recent research suggests that poorer self-control (i.e., deficits in the ability to regulate emotions, behaviors, and impulses) may be one mechanism by which daily need frustration is associated with IGD and less adaptive gaming motivations. Thus, the present study explores whether self-control explains the relation between daily need frustration and IGD. A total of 487 university students (50.3% female; Mage = 19.50 years, SD = 1.90) completed the IGD Scale, the Basic Need Satisfaction and Frustration Scale, the Self-Control Scale, and the Gaming Motivations Scale. Correlations showed that poorer self-control was associated with higher IGD and less adaptive video gaming motivations. Structural equation modeling further revealed that poorer self-control partially explained the relation between daily need frustration and IGD suggesting that daily need frustration undermines individuals’ self-control, which in turn contributes to greater IGD. Collectively, these findings inform theory on the development of IGD from the perspective of self-determination theory.
•Self-control (SC) and Internet Gaming Disorder (IGD) are explored in the context of self-determination theory.•Poorer SC is associated with IGD and extrinsic gaming motivations.•Basic need frustration contributes to IGD through its negative effect on players' SC.
Control technologies to inactivate airborne viruses effectively are needed during the ongoing SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, and to guard against airborne transmitted diseases. We demonstrate that sealed UV-C ...flow reactors operating with fluences near 253 ± 1 nm of 13.9-49.6 mJ cm
efficiently inactivate coronaviruses in an aerosol. For measurements, porcine respiratory coronavirus (PRCV) was nebulized in a custom-built, 3.86 m wind tunnel housed in a biosafety level class II facility. The single pass log
reduction of active coronavirus was in excess of 2.2 at a flow rate of 2439 L min
(13.9 mJ cm
) and in excess of 3.7 (99.98% removal efficiency) at 684 L min
(49.6 mJ cm
). Because virus titers resulting from sampling downstream of the UV-C reactor were below the limit of detection, the true log reduction is likely even higher than measured. Comparison of virus titration results to reverse transcriptase quantitative PCR and measurement of fluorescein concentrations (doped into the nebulized aerosol) reveals that the reduction in viable PRCV is primarily due to UV-C based inactivation, as opposed to physical collection of virus. The results confirm that UV-C flow reactors can efficiently inactivate coronaviruses through incorporation into HVAC ducts or recirculating air purifiers.
The current review provides an evidence base update of psychosocial treatments for self-injurious thoughts and behaviors (SITBs) in youth. A systematic search was conducted of 2 major scientific ...databases (PsycInfo and PubMed) and ClinicalTrials.gov for relevant randomized controlled trials (RCTs) published prior to June 2018. The search identified 26 RCTs examining interventions for SITBs in youth: 17 were included in the 2015 review and 9 trials were new to this update. The biggest change since the prior review was the evaluation of Dialectical Behavior Therapy for adolescents (DBT-A) as the first Level 1: Well-established intervention for reducing deliberate self-harm (composite of nonsuicidal and suicidal self-injury) and suicide ideation in youth and Level 2: Probably efficacious for reducing nonsuicidal self-injury and suicide attempts. Five other interventions were rated as Level 2: Probably efficacious for reducing SITBs in youth, with the new addition of Integrated Family Therapy. This evidence base update indicates that there are a few promising treatments for reducing SITBs in youth. Efficacious interventions typically include a significant family or parent training component as well as skills training (e.g., emotion regulation skills). Aside from DBT-A, few treatments have been examined in more than one RCT. Given that replication by independent research groups is needed to evaluate an intervention as Well-established, future research should focus on replicating the five promising interventions currently evaluated as Probably efficacious. In addition, an important future direction is to develop brief efficacious interventions that may be scalable to reach large numbers of youth.
Recent work using music highlights how past experiences and the immediate perceptual environment can shape imagination. Given that aspects of past experiences can be shared, depending on culture, as ...can the immediate perceptual environment, imaginings that might appear idiosyncratic or entirely subjective can in fact be broadly shared.
If truly thin embedded and human worn flexible electronics are to become a commercial reality for wearable electronics, medical devices, and internet of things tags, effective energy storage ...technologies that safely and robustly match the mechanical flexibility of the overall system form factor are required. At the same time, the energy and transient power needs of functions such as wireless connectivity, information display, and high sample rate sensing must be supported. These capabilities have time-dependent power and current requirements often not captured in simple energy and capacity metrics. In this paper, a progression of energy storage approaches, challenges and learning experiences will be presented from the perspective of an energy storage technology developer. The essential requirements for energy storage for feature-driven applications in flexible electronics are addressed with the goal of finding the most compelling fit between products needs, consumer safety and the technology capabilities of different energy storage approaches. Micropower modules from supercapacitors to microbatteries and their limitations for flexible electronics will be discussed in terms of capacity, power and charge retention as the starting point. Following this discussion, limitations of lithium technologies in this flexible and thin (<; 1 mm) application space are also outlined. This paper then presents a review of key requirements for energy storage for high functionality flexible electronics prototype systems and some approaches that have been explored to meet those needs. This leads to the conclusion that safe, low cost, flexible electronics energy storage requirements may be most appropriately met using intrinsically stable battery chemistry. Furthermore, such a materials approach allows for simpler lower cost processing and packaging, such as additive printing and roll to roll processing of thin and therefore more mechanically flexible cells. Examples and performance data from such a zinc polymer battery technology are given and compared to other thin and flexible battery approaches.
Proso millet protein has reported structural similarities with sorghum. In order to explore the potential of this crop as an alternative protein source for people with gluten sensitivity, in vitro ...protein digestibility was analyzed. Dehulled proso millet flour was subjected to various processing techniques (dry heating and wet heating). Regardless of the processing technique there was a significant decline in digestibility of protein in proso millet flour when compared with unprocessed flour (from 79.7 ± 0.8% to 42.0 ± 1.2%). Reduced digestibility persisted even when cooking with reducing agents. Heating in the presence of urea (8 M) and guanidine-HCl (4.5 M) prevented the reduction in observed digestibility (urea cooked 77.4 ± 0.8%; guanidine HCl cooked 84.3 ± 0.9%), suggesting formation of hydrophobic aggregates during heating in water. This was supported by an increase in surface hydrophobicity upon cooking. Thus, the proso millet protein, termed panicin, forms hydrophobic aggregates that are resistant to digestion when subjected to heat.
Burnout represents a significant problem for many modern-day workers, but perhaps none more acutely than those in healthcare. Imbued with the chronic stressors that often accompany high-risk, ...interpersonal work, the healthcare industry is rife with stories of burnout, and the addition of a pandemic has intensified the challenges of an already demanding work environment. With an aim toward understanding the root causes of pandemic-exacerbated burnout, we document the experiences of 93 healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic and, in doing so, explore an important link between burnout and work-nonwork boundaries. We find the contextual shock of the pandemic resulted in an increased incidence of boundary violations-undesired disruptions between work and other important life domains such as personal and family life. These boundary violations-which we classify as physical, temporal, or knowledge-based-frequently corresponded to greater reports of burnout manifested by exhaustion, detachment, and inefficacy. We detail specific patterns within the broader context of boundary violations whereby intrusion events are associated with increased job-related demands and distancing events are associated with reduced job-related resources. In addition to documenting the connection between burnout and boundary violations, we also reveal how workers utilized specific boundary work tactics in response to specific types of boundary violations to redefine boundaries and forestall burnout. Our grounded theorizing points to theoretical and practical implications for the impact of boundary work tactics on burnout and other stress-related phenomena.
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