Introduction Salicylic acid has shown promise in alleviating water stress in cultivated plants. However, there is a lack of studies confirming its effectiveness in cowpea plants grown in field ...conditions. Therefore, this research aimed to evaluate the use of salicylic acid as a water stress mitigator in cowpea cultivars under different irrigation depths in field conditions. Methods Four cowpea cultivars (BRS Novaera, BRS Tapaihum, BRS Pujante, and BRS Pajeú) were subjected to different treatments: control (W100: 100% replacement of crop evapotranspiration – ETc), W50 (50% of ETc), W50+SA2 (50% of ETc + 276 mg L -1 of SA), and W50+SA4 (50% of ETc + 552 mg L -1 of SA). The treatments were combined in a 4×4 factorial scheme with three replications, arranged in a randomized block design. Results Water restriction had a negative impact on the water status, growth, gas exchange, and production of the cultivars while also leading to changes in the antioxidant metabolism and osmolyte concentration. The application of SA enhanced antioxidant activity and the synthesis of osmotic adjusters under stress conditions. The most effective concentration was 276 mg L -1 in stage R2 and 552 mg L -1 in stage V7, respectively. The BRS Pujante cultivar showed increased productivity under water restriction with SA application, while the BRS Tapaihum was the most tolerant among the cultivars studied. Discussion In summary, our findings underscore the importance of using SA to mitigate the effects of water restriction on cowpea cultivation. These discoveries are crucial for the sustainability of cowpea production in regions susceptible to drought, which can contribute to food security. We further add that the adoption of new agricultural practices can enhance the resilience and productivity of cowpea as an essential and sustainable food source for vulnerable populations in various parts of the world.
Global climate changes have intensified water stress in arid and semi-arid regions, reducing plant growth and yield. In this scenario, the present study aimed to evaluate the mitigating action of ...salicylic acid and methionine in cowpea cultivars under water restriction conditions. An experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with treatments set up in a 2 × 5 factorial arrangement corresponding to two cowpea cultivars (BRS Novaera and BRS Pajeú) and five treatments of water replenishment, salicylic acid, and methionine. After eight days, water stress decreased the Ψw, leaf area, and fresh mass and increased the total soluble sugars and catalase activity in the two cultivars. After sixteen days, water stress increased the activity of the superoxide dismutase and ascorbate peroxidase enzymes and decreased the total soluble sugars content and catalase activity of BRS Pajeú plants. This stress response was intensified in the BRS Pajeú plants sprayed with salicylic acid and the BRS Novaera plants with salicylic acid or methionine. BRS Pajeú is more tolerant to water stress than BRS Novaera; therefore, the regulations induced by the isolated application of salicylic acid and methionine were more intense in BRS Novaera, stimulating the tolerance mechanism of this cultivar to water stress.
Plant endogenous mechanisms are not always sufficient enough to mitigate drought stress, therefore, the exogenous application of elicitors, such as salicylic acid, is necessary. In this study, we ...assessed the mitigating action of salicylic acid (SA) in cowpea genotypes under drought conditions. An experiment was conducted with two cowpea genotypes and six treatments of drought stress and salicylic acid (T1 = Control, T2 = drought stress (stress), T3 = stress + 0.1 mM of SA, T4 = stress + 0.5 mM of SA, T5 = stress + 1.0 mM of SA, and T6 = stress + 2.0 mM of SA). Plants were evaluated in areas of leaf area, stomatal conductance, photosynthesis, proline content, the activity of antioxidant enzymes, and dry grain production. Drought stress reduces the leaf area, stomatal conductance, photosynthesis, and, consequently, the production of both cowpea genotypes. The growth and production of the BRS Paraguaçu genotype outcompetes the Pingo de Ouro-1-2 genotype, regardless of the stress conditions. The exogenous application of 0.5 mM salicylic acid to cowpea leaves increases SOD activity, decreases CAT activity, and improves the production of both genotypes. The application of 0.5 mM of salicylic acid mitigates drought stress in the cowpea genotype, and the BRS Paraguaçu genotype is more tolerant to drought stress.
•Silicon glass microparticles (SiMPs) induce tolerance to abiotic stresses.•Seed priming mitigated the effects of water restriction in cowpea plants.•Therefore, plants from seeds subjected to SP ...improve tolerance to water stress.
The northeast region of Brazil presents high variations in solar radiation levels and high air temperatures, impairing the growth and production of cowpea, consequently raising the need for technologies to improve the adaptation of cultivated plants. Therefore, this work aimed to promote the tolerance of cowpea (cultivar BRS Itaim) to water deficit induced by polyethylene glycol 6000 through seed conditioning with silicon glass microparticles. The experiment was performed in the field using a completely randomized 6 × 2 factorial scheme design with four replications. Seed priming (SP) consisted of six combinations of water potential (Ψw) and silicon glass microparticles (SiMPs) (T1: Ψw 0 + 0 SiMPs, T2: Ψw 0 + 200 SiMPs, T3: Ψw -0.4 + 0 SiMPs, T4: Ψw -0.4 + 200 SiMPs, T5: Ψw -0.8 + 0 SiMPs, and T6: Ψw -0.8 + 200 SiMPs) and two water replacement levels: plants with water restriction (50 % of water consumption) and without it (100 % of water consumption). Seed priming with silicon glass microparticles and polyethylene glycol 6000 attenuated the deleterious effects of water restriction in cowpea plants through water status homeostasis, osmotic adjustment, and antioxidant mechanism.
To analyze the computed tomography (CT) findings of lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia (LIP).
We retrospectively reviewed the clinical and CT findings of 36 patients with LIP, including 25 women and ...11 men, with a mean age of 52.5 years (age range, 22-78 years).
The main associated diseases with LIP were Sjögren syndrome (42%), human immunodeficiency virus infection (17%), amyloidosis (17%), Sjögren syndrome associated with secondary amyloidosis (11%), idiopathic (8%), and systemic lupus erythematosus (5%). The predominant CT abnormalities were multiple cystic airspaces (n = 35), small nodules (n = 15), ground-glass opacities (n = 13), bronchiectasis and/or bronchiolectasis (n = 8), and thickening of the bronchovascular bundles (n = 8). Other CT findings included reticular opacities (n = 7), calcified nodules (n = 4), airspace consolidation (n = 4), emphysema (n = 3), honeycombing (n = 3), lymph node enlargement (n = 2), mosaic attenuation pattern (n = 1), and cavitated nodules (n = 1).
The main CT findings of LIP were multiple cysts, small nodules, and ground-glass opacities.
Rabies virus (RABV) causes fatal encephalitis in more than 59,000 people yearly. Upon the bite of an infected animal, the development of clinical disease can be prevented with post-exposure ...prophylaxis (PEP), which includes the administration of Rabies immunoglobulin (RIG). However, the high cost and limited availability of serum-derived RIG severely hamper its wide use in resource-limited countries. A safe low-cost alternative is provided by using broadly neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (bnAbs). Here we report the X-ray structure of one of the most potent and most broadly reactive human bnAbs, RVC20, in complex with its target domain III of the RABV glycoprotein (G). The structure reveals that the RVC20 binding determinants reside in a highly conserved surface of G, rationalizing its broad reactivity. We further show that RVC20 blocks the acid-induced conformational change required for membrane fusion. Our results may guide the future development of direct antiviral small molecules for Rabies treatment.
After recently published randomized clinical trials, the choice of the best anesthetic procedure for mechanical thrombectomy (MT) in acute ischemic stroke (AIS) due to large vessel occlusion (LVO) is ...not definite.
To compare the efficacy and safety of general anesthesia (GA)
conscious sedation (CS) in patients with AIS who underwent MT, explicitly focusing on procedural and clinical outcomes and the incidence of adverse events.
PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane were systematically searched for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing GA
CS in patients who underwent MT due to LVO-AIS. Odds ratios (ORs) were calculated for binary outcomes, with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Random effects models were used for all outcomes. Heterogeneity was assessed with I2 statistics.
Eight RCTs (1,300 patients) were included, of whom 650 (50%) underwent GA. Recanalization success was significantly higher in the GA group (OR 1.68; 95% CI 1.26-2.24;
< 0.04) than in CS. No significant difference between groups were found for good functional recovery (OR 1.13; IC 95% 0.76-1.67;
= 0.56), incidence of pneumonia (OR 1.23; IC 95% 0.56- 2,69;
= 0.61), three-month mortality (OR 0.99; IC 95% 0.73-1.34;
= 0.95), or cerebral hemorrhage (OR 0.97; IC 95% 0.68-1.38;
= 0.88).
Despite the increase in recanalization success rates in the GA group, GA and CS show similar rates of good functional recovery, three-month mortality, incidence of pneumonia, and cerebral hemorrhage in patients undergoing MT.
Herein, we report the preparation of CuO@ borophosphate nanoparticles (CuOnano@glass) and their wide catalytic applications. The glass annealing, under a controlled atmosphere, enables the growth of ...copper nanoparticles on the glass surface (not within) by an uncommon bottom-up process. Following the thermal annealing of metallic nanoparticles under air atmosphere, supported copper oxide nanoparticles CuONPs on the glass surface can be obtained. The approach enables the glass matrix to be explored as a precursor and a route for the synthesis of supported copper-based nanoparticles in a solvent-free process without immobilization steps or stabilizing agents. In order to demonstrate the wide synthetic utility of this CuONPs glass-based catalyst, one-pot three-component domino reactions were performed under an air atmosphere, affording the desired selenylated oxadiazoles in good to excellent yields. We also extended the application of these new materials as a glass-based catalyst in the phenol hydroxylation and the reduction of 4-nitrophenol.
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An evaluation was made of the use of MgAl-LDH with incorporated nitroprusside as an adsorbent to remove inorganic arsenic (As(III) and As(V)) and organic arsenic (DMA) from aqueous ...matrices. The material was synthesized by the co-precipitation method at constant pH and was characterized by Raman spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetry, X-ray diffraction, and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, before and after use in the adsorption process. The effects on adsorption of contact time, initial metalloid concentration, and pH were investigated. For an initial concentration of 10 mg L−1 and pH 2.00, the MgAl-LDH with incorporated nitroprusside was only able to adsorb the DMA and As(V) species, with removal percentages of 25.10 and 103.8%, respectively. At pH 6.02 and 12.00, only the inorganic species were adsorbed, with removal percentages of 22.93% and 60.07%, respectively, for As(III), and 89.81% and 71.64%, respectively, for As(V). Application of the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models indicated that the features of the adsorption process depended on the pH of the medium and the arsenic species. The results showed that the use of MgAl-LDH with incorporated nitroprusside has potential for the development of techniques for the speciation of arsenic species.
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