Viable populations of the cheilostome bryozoan
Ito, Onishi & Dick exist in the NW Pacific (Russian Far East and northern Japan), NE Atlantic (Scandinavia and Scotland), and NW Atlantic (Maine, USA). ...The first NE and NW Atlantic records are from Norway (2008) and Casco Bay, Maine, USA (2018), respectively, indicating a relatively recent introduction to the region. Mitochondrial COI gene sequences from North Atlantic populations (Sweden, Norway, and Maine) showed two haplotypes differing by one substitution, but differed from two haplotypes from Akkeshi, northern Japan, by 6-8 substitutions. North Atlantic populations differed morphologically from the Akkeshi population in that some zooids formed a suboral projection, and frontal zooids were more common. While
in northern Japan has been found only on natural or artificial eelgrass (
), across its range it has been found on several species of algae, plastic panels and strips, several species of
, and mollusc shells. Similar frequencies of heteromorphic zooids with differing degree of frontal wall calcification, i.e., R (rib)-, I (intermediate)-, and S (shield)-type zooids, in colonies on eelgrass at comparable times of the season and across populations suggest an innate response to seasonal environmental fluctuations, although zooid frequencies were different on non-eelgrass substrates. The increase in trans-Arctic shipping along the Northern Sea Route in recent decades, and previous documentation of
on ship hulls in the Sea of Japan, indicate a clear mechanism for anthropogenic introduction from the Far East to Europe in recent decades.
To complement previous studies on the diversity of cheilostome bryozoans (Bryozoa: Gymnolaemata: Cheilostomata) in the rocky-intertidal habitat in the North Pacific, we sampled rocky substrata at ...three sites on the subtropical East China Sea coast of Okinawa, Japan (26°N). We examined 651 colonies or colony fragments by light microscopy or scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The range in single-site richness was 16-36 species, with 52 species detected overall. We provide descriptions and illustrations for all species, including 11 (21.2%) new species (Thalamoporella karesansui, Crassimarginatella eremitica, Hippothoa petrophila, Stephanotheca fenestricella, Calyptotheca sesokoensis, Fenestrulina parviporus, Arthropoma harmelini, Rhynchozoon maculosum, Rhynchozoon lunifrons, Rhynchozoon ryukyuense, and Rhynchozoon scimitar) and 34 (65.4%) new records for Japan. Species were patchy in local distribution, with 53.8% detected at only one among the three sites, and often rare, with 34.6% represented by only one or two specimens. Most species (94.2%) were encrusting, forming two-dimensional, sheet-like colonies or (in two cases) branching uniserial networks; three species formed small, recumbent colonies. Ascophoran-grade species (82.7%) outnumbered anascan-grade species (17.3%). Biogeographically the fauna we examined is characteristic of the Central Indo-Pacific (CIP) realm of Spalding et al.: among 40 previously described species with distributions known outside the study area, 36 (90.0%) occur in the CIP realm, and 11 (27.5%) are restricted to it. In contrast, only seven species (17.5%) have been reported from the Temperate Northern Pacific realm, including two putatively cosmopolitan species. The high proportion (86.5%) of new records for Japan (including the new species) suggests that the marine bryozoan fauna in far-southern Japan remains largely unexplored. Given that many species were rare or uncommon in the study area and/or patchily distributed among the three sites, further sampling at additional intertidal sites in the Sesoko area will likely detect higher total local richness than the 52 species we found.
http://www.zoobank/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:9FD78C14-60AA-44A9-A9A2-3258E5770D31
The expansion–contraction (EC) model of Pleistocene biogeography and the concept of refugia are of dubious applicability for rocky-shore marine species along the northwest Pacific coast, which was ...not glaciated at the last glacial maximum (LGM) and likely remained largely habitable by marine communities. We examined the population structure and historical demography of two ecologically similar rocky-intertidal idoteid isopods,
Idotea ochotensis
and
Cleantiella isopus
, in northern Japan based on mitochondrial COI and (for
I. ochotensis
) nuclear ITS nucleotide sequences. We concluded that
I. ochotensis
persisted in northern Japan across one or more glacial cycles, whereas
C. isopus
recolonized northern Japan after the LGM. We present an alternative general model for Pleistocene biogeography in temperate to subtropical, non-glaciated coastal regions, wherein species tend to retain large population size and high genetic diversity across glacial cycles in a zone of persistence, with flanking zones of expansion and contraction where the geographical range cyclically expands and contracts (i.e., undergoes latitudinal displacements) with climatic oscillations. We also found that local sea straits had less effect in determining phylogeographic boundaries than a long stretch of unfavorable shore habitat, and that late Holocene sea current patterns appear to have affected fine-scale phylogeographic patterns.
There has been no previous report detailing the taxonomy of marine bryozoans along the coasts of Vietnam. Here we report on the taxonomy and diversity of bryozoans collected among drift coral cobbles ...from a beach in the tropical Co To archipelago, Gulf of Tonkin, northern Vietnam. We detected 27 bryozoan species (23 cheilostomes, four cyclostomes) in a coelobite assemblage inhabiting crevices in the cobbles, and holes made by boring molluscs. The degree of bryozoan preservation varied greatly, suggesting that the cobbles had accumulated on the beach over a period of months to years, or even decades. Coral reefs in the Co To archipelago underwent a catastrophic decline in 2003-2008, and it is unclear whether the bryozoan assemblage reflects past diversity, present diversity remaining in the coral rubble, or both. We describe six new species: Parasmittina acondylata n. sp., Metroperiella cotoensis n. sp., Microporella tonkinensis n. sp., Rhynchozoon setiavicularium n. sp., R. latiavicularium n. sp., and Disporella phaohoa n. sp. All but two of the previously described species were already known from the Central Indo-Pacific coastal biogeographical realm of Spalding et al. (2007), which includes Vietnam. We report the third Recent record of the thalamoporellid Dibunostoma reversum (Harmer, 1926), which is quite similar to and might be conspecific with the lower Miocene species Thalamoporella transversa Guha Krishna, 2004; while it is premature to synonymize the two, we transfer T. transversa to Dibunostoma, as D. transversum. The calcareous, sheet-like, encrusting foraminiferan Planorbulina larvata was prominent in the coelobite assemblage and was often observed in substrate competition with bryozoans. A limited analysis of competitive interactions indicated that the encrusting bryozoans in the coelobite assemblage encountered P. larvata more often than they encountered other bryozoans, and that P. larvata out-competed bryozoans for substrate, reinforcing a growing sense of the importance of encrusting foraminifera in tropical and subtropical hard-substrate communities.
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► Within the owl genus Bubo, species formerly placed in Ketupa form a monophyletic group. ► Four species in Bubo have a long tandem-repeat cluster in the mtDNA control region. ► The ...tandem repeats appear restricted to species in the Ketupa clade and B. lacteus. ► Bubo blakistoni shows variation in the number or repeat units and order of unit types. ► The owl tandem-repeat clusters appear to evolve by turnover of units, with some constraints.
To investigate the phylogenetic position of Blakiston’s fish owl (Bubo blakistoni), we sequenced the mitochondrial (mt) DNA control region and cytochrome b (cyt b) for nine Bubo species. Maximum-likelihood analyses of combined control region and cyt b sequences, and cyt b sequences alone, showed that species formerly placed in genus Ketupa comprise a monophyletic group. Unexpectedly, we discovered a long cluster of 20–25 tandem repeat units 77 or 78bp long in the third control region domain in four of the nine Bubo species for which the control region was sequenced (B. blakistoni, B. flavipes, and B. ketupu in the Ketupa clade; B. lacteus), leading to overall control region lengths of 3.0–3.8kpb estimated from agarose gel electrophoresis. The control region in B. lacteus is the longest (3.8kbp) reported to date in vertebrates. Sequencing of eight repeat units at each end of the cluster in 20 B. blakistoni individuals detected several types of repeat units 77 or 78bp long, and six patterns in the order of unit types. The occurrence of a repeat cluster in all three species examined in the Ketupa clade suggests their common ancestor also had a cluster, whereas a maximum parsimony tree showed repeat-unit types grouping by species, rather than by paralog groups, suggesting independent origins of the clusters. We reconcile these results with a turnover model, in which the range in cluster-length variation and unit types at the 5′ end are hypothetically functionally constrained by the protein-binding function of the control region, but otherwise there is a continual turnover of units in evolutionary time, with new unit types arising through mutations, proliferating by duplication of single and double repeat blocks, and being lost through deletion. Estimated free energies for reconstructed secondary structures of single and especially pairs of repeat units were higher than for homologous single-unit blocks in species lacking a repeat cluster, supporting slipped-strand mispairing as the mechanism of cluster turnover.
Rendering developmental and ecological processes into macroevolutionary events and trends has proved to be a difficult undertaking, not least because processes and outcomes occur at different scales. ...Here we attempt to integrate comparative analyses that bear on this problem, drawing from a system that has seldom been used in this way: the co-occurrence of alternate phenotypes within genetic individuals, and repeated evolution of distinct categories of these phenotypes. In cheilostome bryozoans, zooid polymorphs (avicularia) and some skeletal structures (several frontal shield types and brood chambers) that evolved from polymorphs have arisen convergently at different times in evolutionary history, apparently reflecting evolvability inherent in modular organization of their colonial bodies. We suggest that division of labor evident in the morphology and functional capacity of polymorphs and other structural modules likely evolved, at least in part, in response to the persistent, diffuse selective influence of predation by small motile invertebrate epibionts.
We describe the cribrimorph cheilostome bryozoan Cribrilina mutabilis n. sp., which we detected as an epibiont on eelgrass (Zostera marina) at Akkeshi, Hokkaido, northern Japan. This species shows ...three distinct zooid types during summer: the R (rib), I (intermediate), and S (shield) types. Evidence indicates that zooids commit to development as a given type, rather than transform from one type to another with age. Differences in the frontal spinocyst among the types appear to be mediated by a simple developmental mechanism, acceleration or retardation in the production of lateral costal fusions as the costae elongate during ontogeny. Colonies of all three types were identical, or nearly so, in partial nucleotide sequences of the mitochondrial COI gene (555-631 bp), suggesting that they represent a single species. Zooid types varied temporally in overall frequency in the population: colonies contained nearly exclusively R-type zooids in mid-June; predominantly I-type, or both R- and I-type, zooids in mid-July; and I-type, S-type, or both I- and S-type zooids (interspersed or in discrete bands) in mid- to late August. Reproduction occurred throughout the season, but peaked in July, with only R- and I-type zooids reproducing. Reproductive zooids bear a vestigial compound (tripartite) ooecium and brood internally; S-type zooids, first appearing in August, were non-reproductive, which suggests that they may serve as an overwintering stage. As this species is easily accessible, common, and simple in form, it is potentially useful as a model system for studying polyphenism at multiple levels (zooid, colony, and population) in the context of life-history adaptations.
Introduction Catatonia is a syndrome characterized by psychomotor and behavioral disturbances and is associated with a substantially increased mortality risk in adolescent patients. There is a dearth ...of published literature describing treatment strategies for pediatric patients with catatonia. This dual-case series will describe the treatment course of 2 adolescent patients with catatonia at our pediatric inpatient psychiatric facility. Case Series This case series presents 2 adolescent patients (a 17-year-old male and a 16-year-old female) who initially presented with worsening agitation and paranoia, later developing catatonia. Both patients required long durations of hospitalization and were treated with high-dose lorazepam before requiring the addition of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). Discussion Treatment of pediatric patients with catatonia creates a significant burden on patients, families, and the healthcare system. Treatment with high-dose benzodiazepines is high risk, while ECT is both difficult to access and comes with its own risks. Both patients discussed are transitional age, meaning they will soon be young adults who will continue to require high-level psychiatric care. Psychiatric pharmacists have a large role to play in ensuring safe medication management for these complex patients. Conclusions This case series of 2 adolescent patients with catatonia demonstrates marginal reduction in symptoms with high-dose lorazepam in conjunction with ECT, with minimal side effects. This case series adds to the limited available literature regarding treatment of catatonia in pediatric patients and highlights the need for further study into effective treatment alternatives.
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