Telomerase activation through induction of its catalytic component telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) expression is essential for malignant transformation. TERT promoter mutations namely C228T ...and C250T that stimulate TERT transcription and telomerase activation have recently been identified in many human malignancies. We thus determined these mutations and their biological and clinical implications in thyroid carcinomas in the present study. The TERT promoter was sequenced in 10 thyroid cancer cell lines and 144 tumors from 20 patients with anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC), 51 with papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC), 36 with follicular thyroid carcinoma (FTC), and 37 with medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC). We identified C228T or C250T mutation in 6/8 of ATC cell lines, as well as in tumor tissue from 10/20, 13/51, 8/36 and 0/37 patients with ATC, PTC, FTC and MTC, respectively. In PTC patients, these mutations were exclusively present in the group with age >45 years (P<0.0001), and highly correlated shorter telomeres (P<0.0001) and distant metastasis (P=0.028). The previous radioactivity exposure did not induce the mutation. The presence of C228T or C250T was an independent predictor associated with shorter disease-related survival (DRS) in the entire cohort (P<0.0001), as well as among patients >45 years (P=0.021). ATC patients carrying the mutation survived shorter than those without mutations, although not statistically significant (P=0.129). The TERT promoter mutation was associated with overall survival (P=0.038) and DRS (P=0.058) of FTC patients. Taken together, age- and shorter telomere-dependent TERT promoter mutations occur frequently in follicular cell-derived thyroid carcinoma (ATC, PTC and FTC) but not in parafollicular cell-originated MTC, and may serve as a marker for aggressive disease and poor outcome.
The article is focused on assessing the possibility of adapting the world experience of managing the transport corridor, including international ones, to the process of organizing and managing the ...Eastern railway polygon. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of the possibilities of implementing the corridor management principle on the basis of the Trans-Siberian railway in terms of competitive interactability with the railways of Europe, East and Central Asia in the framework of international transport construction projects. Conditions and prerequisites for achieving commercial return of transport construction projects and integration in terms of priority areas, types of cargo, types of rolling stock and the role of international transport integration in achieving the goals of socio-economic development of the regions have been revealed. It has been determined that the orientation to long-distance transport of bulk cargo hinders the implementation of the principle of corridor management on the Trans-Siberian Railway. It has also been proven that a vertically integrated structure with a network of unequal functional and territorial branches with fundamentally different goals hinders the possibility of ensuring non-discriminatory access to the railway transport infrastructure and specifically for intermodal transport operators. As a summary, the paper presents the key directions of improving the Trans-Siberian railway management and organization system to ensure competitiveness, obtain positive effects from the implementation of projects for organizing railway polygons, as well as effective integration into projects for the development of international transport corridors.
Refixation of the damaged acetabular labrum is a method of surgical treatment of the hip joint that can promote the repair of joint function after injury and prevent premature osteoarthritis. We ...sought to determine the condition of the hip joint in rabbits 4 months after excision of the acetabular labrum and the condition of the joint after labral refixation. The articular cartilage of the femoral head and acetabulum was examined by histological methods, multipoint measurement of cartilage thickness, and the ratio between cartilage matrix and chondrocytes lacunae, and the condition of cartilage according to the OARSI grading scale was carried out. On this model, a correlation analysis was performed between the results of the OARSI grading scale and the data of linear morphometry. All these parameters made it possible to better assess changes in articular cartilage. The ratio between matrix and chondrocyte lacunae turned out to be a method that allows establishing early cartilage damage when erosion, fibrosis or deformation did not occur. We found significant differences between the condition of the cartilage after exicion of acetabular labrum and after labral refixation, which give hope to confirm that this surgical technique can delay or prevent progressive changes in the cartilage of the damaged hip joint.
The financialization genesis of the global economy centered in the United States is on the bifurcation point now— a fictive capital’ expansion is damaging with the social capital regeneration ...mechanism disaster. The method of identifying and estimating the fictive capital’ extension is absent for now. The fictive capital exists as a metaphor on the science papers but not as an institutional basis of the capital flows directions. The paper
aims
to update the configuration of the global financial system, its dependence on the performance of US corporations and banks; to identify the sources of vulnerability of world finance and global liquidity from the fictitious capital of American financial markets. The
methodology
is theoretical pattern’ of financial capital movements and its real statistical market indicators comparison. The empirical base is statistical data about the financial flows and financial results especially about the US as a global financial center. Based on the
results
the authors have revealed an origin of fictive capital on the US bank sector by the justification for the conclusion of liquidity above the profitable as the purpose of financial operations. This conclusion is confirmed with the scale of off-balance sheet transactions of banks. Besides the regression between the prices of derivative’ basis assets and stock indexes has been shown. Also, the market capitalization of American companies is not sensitive to change in market liquidity indicators. The authors
concluded
that global financialization is supported by significant internal contradictions in the US economy. The source of contradictions is the financial mechanism for withdrawing liquidity from the sphere of production and circulation into the sphere of financial markets. Capital investment using instruments of the US financial market entails the threat of losing their liquidity. Forecasting the dynamics of the global economy without taking into account the role of fictitious capital, which is emerging in the American financial markets, leads to global vulnerability and may cause the next financial crisis.
Modern weapons cause severe damage, accompanied by high rates of complications and mortality. The investigation of such kinds of weapons is in high demand considering the ongoing active phase of ...russia's war against Ukraine since February 2022. In order to understand the pathological processes that occur in and outside the gunshot wound, we conducted an experimental study using mathematical simulation. The results presented in the article will help to choose the appropriate surgical management and improve the results of treatment. The aim of this study was to investigate and evaluate the damaging effect of a 5.45 mm 7N6M bullet and a 5.45 mm V-max expansive bullet using numerical modeling of wound canals in ballistic plasticine. The Ansys Explicit Dynamics engineering complex was used to simulate the dynamics of the bullet’s motion. The basic equations, solved by the explicit dynamic analysis, express the conservation of mass, momentum, and energy in Lagrange coordinates. Together with the material model and the set of initial and boundary conditions, they determine the complete solution to the problem. Taking into account that the initial velocity of the bullet is 1185 m/s at a mass of 3.9 g, we obtain energy 2740 J. All this energy acts at the area of the wound canal with a depth of 150 mm. Injury with a conventional 7N6M bullet is characterized by the fact that it passes through the block and loses only part of the kinetic energy. The simulation results showed that the velocity of the bullet at the outlet is 220 m/s. Taking into account the initial velocity of the bullet 918 m/s with a mass of 3.4 g, we obtain the kinetic energy acting on the walls of the wound canal with a depth of 200 mm of about 830 J. Mathematic analyses showed that the expansive bullet has a soft core that deforms and transfers all the kinetic energy to the tissues immediately after penetration into the tissues. The loss of kinetic energy of the bullet (ΔE, J) is defined as the difference between the kinetic energy at the time of injury (Ec, J) and the residual energy of the bullet when leaving the material (Er, J). Numerical modeling of wound ballistics in biological tissue simulators allows us to determine with high accuracy the features of wound canal formation and tissue response to damage of bullets having different kinetic energy, which contributes to the choice of adequate surgical management during surgery for gunshot wounds.
Russian Railways is gradually increasing its loan debt, which reflects the general trend of the economy. But, taking into account the objective economic state of railway transport and its low ...profitability, the increase in the share of borrowed funds reduces the company efficiency. This contradicts the purpose of using the loan, the purpose of which is to increase the return on equity. While analysing the results of the transport industry, we regarded it as an infrastructure industry, whose goal is primarily to provide macroeconomic indicators, and the problems of making profit recede into the background. An important factor in the development of the Russian economy in consideration of its geographical location is the development of transport networks, in which the predominant (at present and in the future) one is railway transport. However, its technical state requires significant modernization, investments far exceeding its own resources. The state, as a sole shareholder of Russian Railways OAO, does not have the necessary financial resources to handle the modernization, so Russian Railways is turning to the capital market, even reducing profitability. Private capital is willing to invest its capital only in separate modernization projects that can provide an acceptable rate of return for them. This explains the borrowing of capital for modernization at a price far exceeding the return on equity. At present, economic losses are expected to be set off by future revenues and mainly by the multiplicative effect of the economic growth of the national economy and the resolution of geopolitical problems. The purpose of the article is to try to explain the loan policy of Russian Railways.
State support of JSC “Russian railways” Krushinskaia, Olga I.; Manchenko, Natalia V.; Dinets, Daria A. ...
SHS Web of Conferences,
2021, Letnik:
112
Journal Article, Conference Proceeding
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
The main sources of funds for railway investment projects in Russia are still state and regional budgets, funds from the National Welfare Fund, the net profit of Russian Railways, and pension savings ...from the Pension Fund of Russia. The reform of the system of the Ministry of Railways and the creation of JSC “Russian Railways”, which began in 2016, has not yet released the state budget from financing its needs, and there has been no active use of private investment. Moreover, the monopoly began to seek to shift the financing of not only the modernization and construction of tracks, but even the maintenance of existing infra-structure on the shoulders of the state and shippers. From year to year, there is an increase in the total amount of state support for Russian Railways. Part of the received state support funds in the period under review is spent inefficiently by JSC “Russian Railways”. The remaining budget funds that are not used by JSC “Russian Railways” additionally burden the economy, increasing inflation by various surcharges to tariffs, but the available budget funds are not selected in full, and billions of fines are paid for this. There are low rates of implementation of individual investment projects, overestimation of expenses for the purchase of equipment, an increase in the cost of construction, the cost of contracts for a number of objects exceeds the cost determined by state expertise, etc.
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