Online review platforms often present reviews from both critics and general users. In this research, the authors propose a measure called “topic consistency” to capture the degree of overlap between ...critic and user review content. High topic consistency suggests greater information recall due to repeated presentation of the same topics, which may increase the memorability of movie attributes and therefore positively affect movie demand. The authors measure the topic consistency between critic and user reviews using topic models and further study the financial consequences of this measure using data for movies released in the United States. Topic consistency is positively associated with subsequent box office revenue, suggesting a positive relationship between topic consistency and movie demand. Furthermore, the effect of topic consistency on demand is the greatest for movies with mediocre review ratings and when the review ratings from critics are close to those from users. Using lab experiments, the authors provide evidence of the causal link between topic consistency and consumers’ willingness to watch a movie, and support for the potential mediation through the information recall of reviews. Movie producers and advertisers should consider highlighting or inducing a central theme for critics and users to discuss, as the more the review content of critics and users overlaps, the higher a movie's revenue.
Summary
Hydroxycinnamic acid amides (HCAAs) are a class of antimicrobial metabolites involved in plant defense against necrotrophic pathogens, including Alternaria brassicicola and Botrytis cinerea. ...The agmatine coumaryl transferase (AtACT) is the key enzyme that catalyzes the last reaction in the biosynthesis of HCAAs, including p‐coumaroylagmatine (CouAgm) and feruloylagmatine in Arabidopsis thaliana. However, the regulatory mechanism of AtACT gene expression is currently unknown. Yeast one‐hybrid screening using the AtACT promoter as bait isolated the key positive regulator ORA59 that is involved in jasmonic acid/ethylene (JA/ET)‐mediated plant defense responses. AtACT gene expression and HCAAs biosynthesis were synergistically induced by a combination of JA and ET. In the AtACT promoter, two GCC‐boxes function equivalently for trans‐activation by ORA59 in Arabidopsis protoplasts, and mutation of either GCC‐box abolished AtACT mRNA accumulation in transgenic plants. Site‐directed mutation analysis demonstrated that the specific Leu residue at position 228 of the ORA59 EDLL motif mainly contributed to its transcriptional activity on AtACT gene expression. Importantly, MEDIATOR25 (MED25) and ORA59 homodimer are also required for ORA59‐dependent activation of the AtACT gene. These results suggest that ORA59 and two functionally equivalent GCC‐boxes form the regulatory module together with MED25 that enables AtACT gene expression and HCAAs biosynthesis to respond to simultaneous activation of the JA/ET signaling pathways.
Significance Statement
The molecular regulatory mechanism of plant antimicrobial metabolites HCAAs biosynthesis in response to necrotrophic pathogen attack is unknown. This research reveals that the JA/ET‐responsive transcription factor ORA59 activates the expression of key enzyme gene AtACT resulting in accumulation of HCAAs, which provides important insights into the regulatory mechanism of the HCAAs‐mediated defense responses.
Little is known about the molecular mechanism of the R2R3-MYB transcriptional repressors involved in plant phenylpropanoid metabolism. Here, we describe one R2R3-type MYB repressor, FtMYB11 from ...Fagopyrum tataricum. It contains the SID-like motif GGDFNFDL and it is regulated by both the importin protein ‘Sensitive to ABA and Drought 2’ (SAD2) and the jasmonates signalling cascade repressor JAZ protein.
Yeast two hybrid and bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays demonstrated that FtMYB11 interacts with SAD2 and FtJAZ1. Protoplast transactivation assays demonstrated that FtMYB11 acts synergistically with FtSAD2 or FtJAZ1 and directly represses its target genes via the MYB-core element AATAGTT.
Changing the Asp122 residue to Asn in the SID-like motif results in cytoplasmic localization of FtMYB11 because of loss of interaction with SAD2, while changing the Asp126 residue to Asn results in the loss of interaction with FtJAZ1. Overexpression of FtMYB11 or FtMYB11
D126N in F. tataricum hairy roots resulted in reduced accumulation of rutin, while overexpression of FtMYB11
D122N in hairy roots did not lead to such a change.
The results indicate that FtMYB11 acts as a regulator via interacting with FtSAD2 or FtJAZ1 to repress phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, and this repression depends on two conserved Asp residues of its SID-like motif.
Efficient metal oxides-based gas sensing materials and photocatalytic materials require proper morphology, surface and interface structure designing. In this work, highly dispersed Pt nanoparticles ...with controllable sizes were decorated on different TiO
2
(hierarchical TiO
2
nanoflowers with {010} facets and TiO
2
nanosheets with {001} facets). Their gas sensing and photocatalytic degradation performance were studied. It was demonstrated that both the acetone sensing and methyl orange photocatalytic degradation performance were significantly enhanced by decorating Pt nanoparticles on the hierarchical TiO
2
nanoflowers with {010} facets, while Pt nanoparticles decorated on the TiO
2
nanosheets with {001} facets had little contribution to the improved performance. The discrepancy in gas sensing and photocatalytic activity of Pt/TiO
2
heterojunctions were related to the differential electronic interaction between Pt and different crystal facets, which was confirmed by the density functional theory calculations. Moreover, an interesting transformation from n- to p-type acetone sensing behavior with the increase in Pt content was found, which presented a promising way for gas discrimination. These findings not only shed light on the designing of efficient gas sensing and photocatalytic materials through the synergistic effect of crystal facets engineering, hierarchical structures modulation and facet-selective deposition of Pt nanoparticles, but also deepen the knowledge of noble metal/metal oxides interfacial interactions for high-activity gas sensing and photocatalytic reaction.
Buckwheat (
genus, Polygonaceae), is an annual or perennial, herbaceous or semi-shrub dicotyledonous plant. There are mainly three cultivated buckwheat species, common buckwheat (
is widely ...cultivated in Asia, Europe, and America, while Tartary buckwheat (
) and
(also known as
) are mainly cultivated in China. The genus
is taxonomically confusing due to the complex phenotypes of different
species. In this study, the chloroplast (cp) genomes of three
species,
,
,
, were sequenced, and five published cp genomes of
were retrieved for comparative analyses. We determined the sequence differentiation, repeated sequences of the cp genomes, and the phylogeny of
species. The eight cp genomes ranged, gene number, gene order, and GC content were presented. Most of variations of
species cp genomes existed in the LSC and SSC regions. Among eight
chloroplast genomes, six variable regions (
-
,
,
,
,
, and
) were detected as promising DNA barcodes. In addition, a total of 66 different SSR (simple sequence repeats) types were found in the eight
species, ranging from 8 to 16 bp. Interestingly, many SSRs showed significant differences especially in some photosystem genes, which provided valuable information for understanding the differences in light adaptation among different
species. Genus
has shown a typical branch that is distinguished from the
,
, and
, which supports the unique taxonomic status in
among the Polygonaceae. In addition, phylogenetic analysis based on the cp genomes strongly supported the division of eight
species into two independent evolutionary directions, suggesting that the separation of cymosum group and urophyllum group may be earlier than the flower type differentiation in
plants. The results of the chloroplast-based phylogenetic tree were further supported by the
and Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) sequences of 17
species, which may help to further anchor the taxonomic status of other members in the urophyllum group in
. This study provides valuable information and high-quality cp genomes for identifying species and evolutionary analysis for future
research.
Active {1 1 1}-faceted ultra-thin NiO single-crystalline porous nanosheets supported highly dispersed Pt nanoparticles were designed and synthesized for efficient gas sensing and photocatalytic ...applications.
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•Ultra-thin NiO single-crystalline porous nanosheet with {1 1 1}-facet were prepared.•Highly dispersed Pt nanoparticles with tunable sizes were decorated on NiO surface.•Enhanced formaldehyde sensing and methyl orange degradation activity were shown.•The activity was related to the morphology, surface and interface structure design.•The work was important for the practical use of metal oxides in environmental issues.
Proper morphology, surface and interface structure designing are required to obtain efficient gas sensing and photocatalytic materials. In the present work, ultra-thin NiO single-crystalline porous nanosheets with dominant {1 1 1} crystal facets (denoted as SP-NiO) and hierarchical NiO porous microspheres (denoted as HP-NiO) supported highly dispersed Pt nanoparticles with controllable sizes were designed and synthesized. Their gas sensing and photocatalytic performance were investigated. It was found that both the formaldehyde sensing and methyl orange photocatalytic degradation performance were greatly enhanced by decorating Pt nanoparticles on SP-NiO, while Pt nanoparticles decoration contributed little to the improved photocatalytic performance of HP-NiO. The results indicated that surface structure of the NiO support could also produce significant impact on the activity of Pt/NiO heterojunctions. Moreover, Pt decorated SP-NiO with stable structure showed a marked long-term stability with negligible attenuation of gas sensitivity (less than 5%) for 45 days, while Pt decorated HP-NiO exhibited obvious attenuation of gas sensitivity (more than 30%) due to the structural collapse. The work not only offers promising materials for gas sensing and photocatalytic application, but also brings new dawn for the designing of efficient p-type metal oxides gas sensing and photocatalytic materials through the synergistic effect of single-crystalline porous structures modulation, crystal facets engineering and facet-selective deposition of highly-dispersed Pt nanoparticles.
Substantial variation in the environment directly causes remodeling of the colonized gut microbiota, controlling community diversity, and functions in the host to tune-up their adaptive states. ...However, the mechanisms of microbial community assembly in response to environmental changes remain unclear, especially in endangered ruminants. In this study, we analyzed the microbial communities of 37 fecal samples collected from captive and wild Alpine musk deer (
) to characterize the complexity and assembly processes using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. We found significantly different diversities and compositions of gut microbiota among both groups associated with different living environments. Heterogeneous selection was the predominant factor regulating the gut microbiota community under similar climatic conditions, indicating that microbial community assembly was largely driven by deterministic mechanisms. The species co-occurrence network showed complex and tight connections with a higher positive correlation in the wild environment. Moreover, the captive group exhibited significant differences in chemoheterotrophy and fermentation compared with the wild group, but the opposite was observed in animal parasites or symbionts, which might be closely related to diet, energy supply, and healthcare of animals. This study provides a framework basis and new insights into understanding gut microbiota in different environments.
Common buckwheat (
M.) is an important traditional miscellaneous grain crop. However, seed-shattering is a significant problem in common buckwheat. To investigate the genetic architecture and genetic ...regulation of seed-shattering in common buckwheat, we constructed a genetic linkage map using the F
population of Gr (green-flower mutant and shattering resistance) and UD (white flower and susceptible to shattering), which included eight linkage groups with 174 loci, and detected seven QTLs of pedicel strength. RNA-seq analysis of pedicel in two parents revealed 214 differentially expressed genes DEGs that play roles in phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, vitamin B6 metabolism, and flavonoid biosynthesis. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) was performed and screened out 19 core hub genes. Untargeted GC-MS analysis detected 138 different metabolites and conjoint analysis screened out 11 DEGs, which were significantly associated with differential metabolites. Furthermore, we identified 43 genes in the QTLs, of which six genes had high expression levels in the pedicel of common buckwheat. Finally, 21 candidate genes were screened out based on the above analysis and gene function. Our results provided additional knowledge for the identification and functions of causal candidate genes responsible for the variation in seed-shattering and would be an invaluable resource for the genetic dissection of common buckwheat resistance-shattering molecular breeding.
Blue sheep and red deer, second-class key protected animals in China, are sympatric species with a high degree of overlap of food resources in the Helan Mountains, China. Previous studies with blue ...sheep and red deer in nature have shown that their physiology is closely related to their gut microbiota. However, growth stages and changes occurring in these species in captivity are still unknown. Thus,
gene sequencing was used to explore diversity, composition and function of the gut microbiota in these two animal species. The diversity and structure of the gut microbiota in captive blue sheep and red deer changed at different growth stages, but the dominant microbiota phyla in the gut microbiota remained stable, which was composed of the phyla Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes and Verrucomicrobia. Moreover, gut microbiota diversity in juvenile blue sheep and red deer was low, with the potential for further colonization. Functional predictions showed differences such as red deer transcription being enriched in adults, and blue sheep adults having a higher cell wall/membrane/envelope biogenesis than juveniles. Microbial changes between blue sheep and red deer at different growth stages and between species mainly depend on the abundance of the microbiota, rather than the increase and absence of the bacterial taxa.
Grain size with high heritability and stability is an important selection target during Tartary buckwheat breeding. However, the mechanisms that regulate Tartary buckwheat grain development are ...unknown. We generated transcriptome and metabolome sequencing from 10 and 15 days past anthesis (DPA) grains of big grain mutant (
) and WT, and identified 4108 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) including 93 significantly up-regulated differential genes and 85 significantly down-regulated genes in both stages, simultaneously. Meanwhile, we identified DEGs involved in ubiquitin-proteasome pathway, HAI-KU (IKU) pathway, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway, plant hormone (auxin, brassinosteroids and cytokinins) transduction pathway and five transcription factor families, including APETALA (AP2), GROWTH-REGULATING FACTORS (GRF), AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR (ARF), WRKY and MYB. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) was performed and obtained 9 core DEGs. Conjoint analyses of transcriptome and metabolome sequencing screened out 394 DEGs. Using a combined comprehensive analysis, we identified 24 potential candidate genes that encode E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase HIP1, EMBRYO-DEFECTIVE (EMB) protein, receptor-like protein kinase FERONIA (FER), kinesin-4 protein SRG1, and so on, which may be associated with the big-grain mutant
. Finally, a quantitative real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction (qRT-PCR) assay was conducted to validate the identified DEGs. Our results provide additional knowledge for identification and functions of causal candidate genes responsible for the variation in grain size and will be an invaluable resource for the genetic dissection of Tartary buckwheat high-yield molecular breeding.
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