The potential association between psychosis and violence to others has long been debated. Past research findings are mixed and appear to depend on numerous potential moderators. As such, the authors ...conducted a quantitative review (meta-analysis) of research on the association between psychosis and violence. A total of 885 effect sizes (odds ratios) were calculated or estimated from 204 studies on the basis of 166 independent data sets. The central tendency (median) of the effect sizes indicated that psychosis was significantly associated with a 49%-68% increase in the odds of violence. However, there was substantial dispersion among effect sizes. Moderation analyses indicated that the dispersion was attributable in part to methodological factors, such as study design (e.g., community vs. institutional samples), definition and measurement of psychosis (e.g., diagnostic vs. symptom-level measurement, type of symptom), and comparison group (e.g., psychosis compared with externalizing vs. internalizing vs. no mental disorder). The authors discuss these findings in light of potential causal models of the association between psychosis and violence, the role of psychosis in violence risk assessment and management, and recommendations for future research.
There are concerns that risk assessment instruments may exacerbate racial/ethnic disparities in the justice system. Risk factors measured by Western-normed tools may not accurately reflect the life ...experiences of non-White offenders. Systemic biases may also be baked into tools if certain risk items are unfairly associated with race/class. Despite these concerns, few studies have rigorously examined how common risk factors for violence compare across racial/ethnic groups in the U.S. This cross-sectional study addressed these gaps by examining cross-cultural differences in the performance of 10 common historical risk factors. White, Hispanic, and Black adults (N = 270) sampled from Amazon Mechanical Turk completed risk ratings and self-reported lifetime violence/offending. Overall, risk scores performed relatively well in the strength and form of their associations with offending across groups. However, rates of general offending were consistently lower for Hispanics and Blacks compared to similar-scoring Whites. In addition, several risk domains overclassified high-scoring Hispanics and Blacks but were better calibrated with low-scoring minority groups. Although our results reveal modest evidence of racial bias, definite conclusions about the universality of similar risk factors may be premature given mixed findings of overestimation/over-classification. Results have implications for fairness in risk assessment and underscore the need for further prospective investigations.
By addressing these and other intriguing questions, Kevin Hutchings highlights significant intersections between Green Romanticism and colonial politics, demonstrating how contemporary understandings ...of animality, climate, and habitat informed literary and cross-cultural debates about race, slavery, colonialism, and nature in the British Atlantic world. Revealing an innovative dialogue between British, African, and Native American writers of the Romantic period, this book will be of interest to anyone wishing to consider the interconnected histories of transatlantic colonial relations and environmental thought.
ABSTRACT
The reactions of the low-lying metastable states of atomic phosphorus, P(2D) and P(2P), with H2O and H2 were studied by the pulsed laser photolysis at 248 nm of PCl3, combined with ...laser-induced fluorescence detection of P(2D), P(2P), and PO. Rate coefficients between 291 and 740 K were measured, along with a yield for the production of PO from P(2D or 2P) + H2O of (35 ± 15) %. H2 reacts with both excited P states relatively efficiently; physical (i.e. collisional) quenching, rather than chemical reaction to produced PH + H, is shown to be the more likely pathway. A comprehensive phosphorus chemistry network is then developed using a combination of electronic structure theory calculations and a Master Equation treatment of reactions taking place over complex potential energy surfaces. The resulting model shows that at the high temperatures within two stellar radii of a MIRA variable AGB star in oxygen-rich conditions, collisional excitation of ground-state P(4S) to P(2D), followed by reaction with H2O, is a significant pathway for producing PO (in addition to the reaction between P(4S) and OH). The model also demonstrates that the PN fractional abundance in a steady (non-pulsating) outflow is underpredicted by about 2 orders of magnitude. However, under shocked conditions where sufficient thermal dissociation of N2 occurs at temperatures above 4000 K, the resulting N atoms convert a substantial fraction of PO into PN.
•Our prospective design for the psychotic symptom-violence link is rare in forensic psychiatry•The use of repeated measures design we used to investigate this link is also scarce•Our study is one out ...of very few intensive prospective studies before and after discharge•We found clinical and statistical association between psychotic symptoms and violence•Results showed interaction effects between psychotic symptoms and criminal conviction
The research evidence is very strong for high recidivism rates of violence after discharge from forensic facilities. Big data research has found that a substantial proportion of the forensic population with relapse into violence has a psychosis diagnosis and a criminal record. However, more research on the association between psychotic symptoms and violence may inform and enhance risk assessment, prevention, and treatment. We conducted a prospective naturalistic study with a repeated measures design in a sample of 22 psychotic patients during follow-up after discharge from forensic mental health facilities. We had three aims: to test the predictive validity of three psychotic symptom scales for violence, to analyze main and interaction effects between psychotic symptoms and previous criminal conviction, and to explore the feasibility and potential benefit of the repeated measures design for prospective follow-up research. Interpreted within the limitation of the small sample size, the results were promising for all scales, particularly for adjusted effects without interaction. Two scales remained significant when their interaction with criminal conviction was adjusted. This indicates that risk judgment of psychotic patients with criminal conviction can be improved by adding measurement of fluctuations in psychotic symptoms. The repeated measures design was instrumental in this research.
•We analyzed the role of dynamic protective factors in risk of violence: hope, insight, and resilience.•These protective factors were combined with a history of criminality in the risk ...assessment.•Main effects and interaction models indicated that hopelessness and criminal convictions increased violence.•Interaction models showed that higher resilience lowered the risk of violence even with criminal convictions.•High resilience and high levels of patient acknowledged emotional distress from hopelessness led to lower violence.
Assessing violence risk amongst forensic patients is a vital legal and clinical task. The field of violence risk assessment has developed considerably over the past two decades but remains primarily risk focused. Despite this, growing attention to and work on protective factors or strengths has occurred. In this prospective naturalistic study with repeated observer-rated measures of 27 forensic patients, we tested the role of three potentially important but understudied dynamic protective factors: hope, insight, and resilience, along with a history of criminality, in terms of their impact on violence. Main effects models indicated that higher hopelessness and past criminal convictions were predictive of violence acts; higher resilience was associated with lower violence. In interaction models, hopelessness remained predictive. Importantly, there were significant interactions between resilience and past criminal convictions, with higher levels of resilience leading to lower violence, most amongst those with criminal convictions, and between resilience and hopelessness related emotional distress, in that higher resilience at high levels of patient acknowledged emotional distress due to hopelessness led to lower violence. Findings indicate the importance of focusing on strengths or protective factors in the assessment of risk and treatment planning for forensic patients. Despite the small sample, the repeated measures design was feasible and informative.
Phosphorus Chemistry in the Earth's Upper Atmosphere Plane, John M. C.; Feng, Wuhu; Douglas, Kevin M.
Journal of geophysical research. Space physics,
October 2021, 2021-10-00, 20211001, Letnik:
126, Številka:
10
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
The ablation of phosphorus from interplanetary dust particles entering the Earth's atmosphere is a potentially significant source of this key bioelement. In this study, the atmospheric chemistry of ...phosphorus is explored by developing a reaction network of possible routes from PO, the major ablation product in the upper mesosphere/lower thermosphere region, to the stable reservoirs H3PO3 and H3PO4 that become incorporated into meteoric smoke particles (MSPs) as metal phosphites and phosphates, respectively. The network is constructed with reactions whose kinetics have been measured experimentally, together with reactions where theoretical rate coefficients are estimated using a combination of electronic structure theory calculations and a Rice‐Ramsperger‐Kassel‐Markus master equation treatment. The network is then incorporated into a global chemistry‐climate model, together with a phosphorus meteoric input function. The estimated global mean P deposition flux, in the form of submicron‐sized MSPs, is 1 × 10−8 g m−2 yr−1, with a maximum of ∼5 × 10−8 g m−2 yr−1 over the northern Rockies, Himalayas, and southern Andes. The estimated fraction of ablated phosphorus forming bioavailable metal phosphites is 11%, which results from the very large concentrations of O and H compared to OH in the upper mesosphere. A layer of OPO is predicted to occur at 90 km with a peak of concentration of ∼50 cm−3; this is the counterpart of the well‐known layers of meteoric metals such as Na and Fe, and may be observable spectroscopically.
Key Points
A reaction network is developed in a global model for exploring the chemistry of meteor‐ablated phosphorus in the Earth's upper atmosphere
A narrow layer of OPO is predicted to occur globally around 90 km, analogous to the layers of meteor‐ablated Na and Fe
A significant flux of bio‐available metal phosphites is predicted to be deposited at the Earth's surface
VIOLENCE RISK ASSESSMENT Douglas, Kevin S; Skeem, Jennifer L
Psychology, public policy, and law,
09/2005, Letnik:
11, Številka:
3
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Substantial strides have been made in the field of violence risk assessment. Numerous robust risk factors have been identified and incorporated into structured violence risk assessment instruments. ...The concepts of violence prevention, management, and treatment have been infused into contemporary thinking on risk assessment. This conceptual development underscores the necessity of identifying, measuring, and monitoring changeable (dynamic) risk factors-the most promising targets for risk reduction efforts. However, empirical investigation of dynamic risk is virtually absent from the literature. In this article, the authors (a) differentiate
risk status
(interindividual risk level based largely on static risk factors) from
risk state
(intraindividual risk level determined largely by current status on dynamic risk factors), (b) analyze the relevance of contemporary risk assessment measures for capturing dynamic risk, and (c) distill potentially important dynamic risk factors from the literature in order to facilitate future research. Suggestions for theory development and research design are provided.
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