Valvasor's library is a unique example of a Seventeenth century personal library, including over 7300 prints and 1530 books. Today, it is kept in the Metropolitan Library of the Zagreb Archdiocese ...which is part of the Croatian State Archives. In this study, we analysed a selection of papers from Valvasor's collection (
VC
) of unknown origin and composition. We used a dual approach, combining the results of the analyses of two sets of samples to find the most useful tools for the characterization of historical handmade papers. 144 randomly selected papers were included in the study. As the
VC
is a cultural heritage, only non-destructive analyses were used, such as visual inspection, surface imaging, measurements of thickness and the determination of optical properties (brightness, yellowness, opacity and gloss). According to the optical properties, papers from the
VC
could be characterized as yellowish and opaque, without gloss. Due to the fact that the
VC
papers could not be destroyed, we took another set of samples consisting of 10 historical papers (
HP
) from archival materials, dating from the 16th to nineteenth century, and subjected them to non-destructive, as well as micro-destructive analyses. This was done to supplement the findings of non-destructive analyses of the original collection. Initially, spot tests were performed to determine water absorbency and to identify the presence of lignin and starch in the paper samples. SEM–EDS and XRF were applied for the identification of inorganic elements. FTIR analyses were used to identify the chemical structures of the paper components. Microscopic analyses were performed in two ways: the paper surface was imaged with a digital microscope, and the morphological characteristics of the fibres were studied using an optical microscope. The dominant fibres present were flax and hemp, with a smaller proportion of cotton. Additionally, thick and thin light brown fibres resembling straw were detected. The presence of calcium-containing components, gelatine and alum could be confirmed with SEM–EDS, XFR and FTIR analysis. Comparing the results of analyses performed on two sets of samples a connection was explored by which it was possible to define the characterization of
VC
papers. The main goal of the study was to document and characterize a specific collection for the future use of researchers of handmade paper or paper conservators. Furthermore, the study may serve as a model approach for other researchers who seek to document the characteristics of paper in their collections.
Arhivski vjesnik, Vol. 63 No. 1, 2020. --- Sažetak sa skupa 11. susreti Sekcije restauratora i preparatora Hrvatskog muzejskog društva. Lošinjski muzej i Muzej Apoksiomena. Andreja Dragojević ; ...Hrvatski državni arhiv Puni tekst: hrvatski, PDF (81 KB) str. 248-249 preuzimanja: 3* citiraj APA 6th Edition Dragojević, A. (2020). 11. susreti Sekcije restauratora i preparatora Hrvatskog muzejskog društva. Lošinjski muzej i Muzej Apoksiomena.. Arhivski vjesnik, 63 (1), 248-249. Preuzeto s https://hrcak.srce.hr/248568 --- MLA 8th Edition Dragojević, Andreja. "11. susreti Sekcije restauratora i preparatora Hrvatskog muzejskog društva. Lošinjski muzej i Muzej Apoksiomena.." Arhivski vjesnik, vol. 63, br. 1, 2020, str. 248-249. https://hrcak.srce.hr/248568. Citirano 22.01.2021. --- Chicago 17th Edition Dragojević, Andreja. "11. susreti Sekcije restauratora i preparatora Hrvatskog muzejskog društva. Lošinjski muzej i Muzej Apoksiomena.." Arhivski vjesnik 63, br. 1 (2020): 248-249. https://hrcak.srce.hr/248568 --- Harvard Dragojević, A. (2020). '11. susreti Sekcije restauratora i preparatora Hrvatskog muzejskog društva. Lošinjski muzej i Muzej Apoksiomena.', Arhivski vjesnik, 63(1), str. 248-249. Preuzeto s: https://hrcak.srce.hr/248568 (Datum pristupa: 22.01.2021.) --- Vancouver Dragojević A. 11. susreti Sekcije restauratora i preparatora Hrvatskog muzejskog društva. Lošinjski muzej i Muzej Apoksiomena.. Arhivski vjesnik Internet. 2020 pristupljeno 22.01.2021.;63(1):248-249. Dostupno na: https://hrcak.srce.hr/248568 --- IEEE A. Dragojević, "11. susreti Sekcije restauratora i preparatora Hrvatskog muzejskog društva. Lošinjski muzej i Muzej Apoksiomena.", Arhivski vjesnik, vol.63, br. 1, str. 248-249, 2020. Online. Dostupno na: https://hrcak.srce.hr/248568. Citirano: 22.01.2021. Hrčak ID: 248568 URI https://hrcak.srce.hr/248568 Posjeta: 10 *
Arhivski vjesnik, Vol. 63 No. 1, 2020. --- Sažetak sa skupa 11th Meeting of the European Heads of Conservation / 11. sastanak voditelja konzervatorsko-restauratorskih odjela pri europskim nacionalnim ...arhivima. Nacionalni arhiv Finske. Andreja Dragojević ; Hrvatski državni arhiv Puni tekst: hrvatski, PDF (83 KB) str. 258-260 preuzimanja: 1* citiraj APA 6th Edition Dragojević, A. (2020). 11th Meeting of the European Heads of Conservation / 11. sastanak voditelja konzervatorsko-restauratorskih odjela pri europskim nacionalnim arhivima. Nacionalni arhiv Finske.. Arhivski vjesnik, 63 (1), 258-260. Preuzeto s https://hrcak.srce.hr/248571 --- MLA 8th Edition Dragojević, Andreja. "11th Meeting of the European Heads of Conservation / 11. sastanak voditelja konzervatorsko-restauratorskih odjela pri europskim nacionalnim arhivima. Nacionalni arhiv Finske.." Arhivski vjesnik, vol. 63, br. 1, 2020, str. 258-260. https://hrcak.srce.hr/248571. Citirano 22.01.2021. --- Chicago 17th Edition Dragojević, Andreja. "11th Meeting of the European Heads of Conservation / 11. sastanak voditelja konzervatorsko-restauratorskih odjela pri europskim nacionalnim arhivima. Nacionalni arhiv Finske.." Arhivski vjesnik 63, br. 1 (2020): 258-260. https://hrcak.srce.hr/248571 --- Harvard Dragojević, A. (2020). '11th Meeting of the European Heads of Conservation / 11. sastanak voditelja konzervatorsko-restauratorskih odjela pri europskim nacionalnim arhivima. Nacionalni arhiv Finske.', Arhivski vjesnik, 63(1), str. 258-260. Preuzeto s: https://hrcak.srce.hr/248571 (Datum pristupa: 22.01.2021.) --- Vancouver Dragojević A. 11th Meeting of the European Heads of Conservation / 11. sastanak voditelja konzervatorsko-restauratorskih odjela pri europskim nacionalnim arhivima. Nacionalni arhiv Finske.. Arhivski vjesnik Internet. 2020 pristupljeno 22.01.2021.;63(1):258-260. Dostupno na: https://hrcak.srce.hr/248571 --- IEEE A. Dragojević, "11th Meeting of the European Heads of Conservation / 11. sastanak voditelja konzervatorsko-restauratorskih odjela pri europskim nacionalnim arhivima. Nacionalni arhiv Finske.", Arhivski vjesnik, vol.63, br. 1, str. 258-260, 2020. Online. Dostupno na: https://hrcak.srce.hr/248571. Citirano: 22.01.2021. Hrčak ID: 248571 URI https://hrcak.srce.hr/248571 Posjeta: 6 *
Članak donosi kratki pregled povijesti ručne izrade papira, od njegova izuma u Kini oko 105. godine, preko širenja kroz arapski svijet i dolaska u Europu, pa sve do konca 18. stoljeća, kada je počela ...strojna proizvodnja papira. Povijest ručno rađenoga papira duga je i zanimljiva, od prvih pronalazaka kao zamjena za pergamentnu podlogu za pisanje pa sve do prvih strojeva za usitnjavanje papirne pulpe. Putovanje tehnologije papira kroz zemlje Azije preko arapskih zemalja do Europe trajalo je 11 stoljeća i doživjelo različite tehnološke promjene. Neke od njih sačuvane su do današnjih dana kao dio tradicije izrade papira. Dolaskom u Europu tehnologija i sirovina prilagođeni su ovdašnjim mogućnostima: tako su se za sirovinu počeli koristiti laneni krpeni ostatci, a kao dodatak želatina. Unaprjeđena je tehnologija, proširili su se papirni mlinovi, a potražnja za papirom bila je sve veća zbog izuma tiskarskoga stroja, sve veće produkcije knjiga i potrebe za pisanim podlogama za druge zapise. U članku je prikazan i povijesni razvoj vodenih znakova, od najranijih sačuvanih, jednostavnih znakova iz Cremone, na području današnje Italije, do složenijih, koji su se postupno javljali razvojem tehnologije. Kolekcionari vodenih znakova papira svojom skupljačkom strašću doveli su i do razvitka pomoćne povijesne znanosti filigranologije. Danas su tomu dijelu povijesti papira posvećene čitave digitalne platforme diljem Europe, evidentirajući njihovu pojavu, koja može pomoći u datiranju papira, a ponekad i dokumenata.
The article briefly outlines the history of the handmade paper production, from its invention in China in 105 CE, its expansion through the Arab world and its arrival in Europe, to the end of the 18th century when paper began to be manufactured by machines. The history of the handmade paper is a long and interesting one, since its first invention as a replacement for parchment which was a writing basis until the first machines for grinding the paper pulp. The paper technology’s voyage through Asian countries via Arab countries to Europe had lasted 11 centuries and had gone through various technological changes. Some of those have been kept until today as part of the paper manufacturing tradition. After paper arrived in Europe the technology and raw material had been adjusted to local feasibilities: linen rags began to be used as raw material, with gelatine as an addition. The technologies became more advanced, paper mills expanded and the demand for paper increased as the result of the invention of the printing press and higher book production. The paper also outlines the historical development of watermarks, from the oldest surviving simple ones from Cremona, Italy to the more complex ones that gradually appeared as the result of the technological advancement. Paper watermark collectors and their collecting passion are responsible for the development of the new auxiliary historic science i.e. filigranology. Today entire digital platforms across Europe are dedicated to this part of paper history, registering their appearance that can help in dating the paper and sometimes even documents.
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