This volume introduces readers to regulatory theory. Aimed at practitioners, postgraduate students and those interested in regulation as a cross-cutting theme in the social sciences, Regulatory ...Theory includes chapters on the social-psychological foundations of regulation as well as theories of regulation such as responsive regulation, smart regulation and nodal governance. It explores the key themes of compliance, legal pluralism, meta-regulation, the rule of law, risk, accountability, globalisation and regulatory capitalism. The environment, crime, health, human rights, investment, migration and tax are among the fields of regulation considered in this ground-breaking book. Each chapter introduces the reader to key concepts and ideas and contains suggestions for further reading. The contributors, who either are or have been connected to the Regulatory Institutions Network (RegNet) at The Australian National University, include John Braithwaite, Valerie Braithwaite, Peter Grabosky, Neil Gunningham, Fiona Haines, Terry Halliday, David Levi-Faur, Christine Parker, Colin Scott and Clifford Shearing.
Patent offices around the world have granted millions of patents to multinational companies. Patent offices are rarely studied and yet they are crucial agents in the global knowledge economy. Based ...on a study of forty-five rich and poor countries that takes in the world's largest and smallest offices, Peter Drahos argues that patent offices have become part of a globally integrated private governance network, which serves the interests of multinational companies, and that the Trilateral Offices of Europe, the USA and Japan make developing country patent offices part of the network through the strategic fostering of technocratic trust. By analysing the obligations of patent offices under the patent social contract and drawing on a theory of nodal governance, the author proposes innovative approaches to patent office administration that would allow developed and developing countries to recapture the public spirit of the patent social contract.
The protection of traditional knowledge by means of intellectual property rights is one of the major concerns of international organizations. Less attention has been paid to the relationship between ...systems of indigenous innovation and intellectual property. Using Australia as a case study, the paper argues that indigenous innovation systems are located within a connectionist cosmological framework. The distinctive institutional features of this innovation system are identified. Key is that innovation in systems maintains the health of other systems. The commodity-based nature of intellectual property systems does not suit this kind of innovation. Property rights in land matter to this innovation system far more than intellectual property. Forms of intellectual property based on the right to distinguish one's product in the market will generally be more useful to indigenous innovation than commodity regimes such as the patent system. Voluntary certification systems can probably be harnessed to much greater effect by indigenous business enterprises.
Discrete event system is a type of system, which changes its state based on asynchronously occuring events. One of many approaches of describing this category of systems is a mathematical formalism ...called the Petri Net. This article introduces an original software solution, leveraging the graphical representation of this formalism in conjunction with the communication standard OPC Unified Architecture. This combination enables the user to model and control discrete event and hybrid systems using an intuitive, user-friendly graphical interface. The software application also brings new possibilities into scope of this academic domain due to the implementation of a Petri Net formalism extension - continuous elements, which greatly expands the area of systems, which can be modelled and controlled using this tool. The developed software tool was successfully verified in control of a virtual systems. Offering a graphical environment for the design of discrete event / hybrid system control algorithms, it can be used for education, research and practice in cyber-physical systems (Industry 4.0).
This article captures the current trends in the development of communication interoperability and common data modelling for the integration of devices into Industry 4.0 networks. The use of open ...standards such as the Open Platform Communications Unified Architecture (OPC UA) or the Asset Administration Shell (AAS) concept is the only way to achieve global communication and semantic interoperability. This article presents an original methodology of AAS implementation into an embedded system, dramatically reducing system requirements. The proposed workflow of the I4.0 component creation includes a procedure for the implementation of the AAS in the OPC UA information model. This methodology was verified by creating an intelligent sensor as a specific I4.0 cyber-physical system based on the 32 bit Arm Cortex Microcontroller. The outcome is the AAS as an “Embedded Industry 4.0 Component” hosted by a minimalist hardware; this is the very first design and implementation of a device with such parameters. Compared to recent studies (which implement certain types of AAS devices), the system requirements of the proposed embedded AAS are in the order of hundreds lower. The presented novel methodology enables developers and industrial manufacturers to implement relatively simple devices (e.g., smart sensors or actuators) as I4.0 Components.
At present, computer networks are no longer used to connect just personal computers. Smaller devices can connect to them even at the level of individual sensors and actuators. This trend is due to ...the development of modern microcontrollers and singleboard computers which can be easily connected to the global Internet. The result is a new paradigm—the Internet of Things (IoT) as an integral part of the Industry 4.0; without it, the vision of the fourth industrial revolution would not be possible. In the field of digital factories it is a natural successor of the machine-to-machine (M2M) communication. Presently, mechatronic systems in IoT networks are controlled and monitored via industrial HMI (human-machine interface) panels, console, web or mobile applications. Using these conventional control and monitoring methods of mechatronic systems within IoT networks, this method may be fully satisfactory for smaller rooms. Since the list of devices fits on one screen, we can monitor the status and control these devices almost immediately. However, in the case of several rooms or buildings, which is the case of digital factories, ordinary ways of interacting with mechatronic systems become cumbersome. In such case, there is the possibility to apply advanced digital technologies such as extended (computer-generated) reality. Using these technologies, digital (computer-generated) objects can be inserted into the real world. The aim of this article is to describe design and implementation of a new method for control and monitoring of mechatronic systems connected to the IoT network using a selected segment of extended reality to create an innovative form of HMI.
The main purposes of this paper are to offer a low-cost solution that can be used in engineering education and to address the challenges that Industry 4.0 brings with it. In recent years, there has ...been a great shortage of engineering experts, and therefore it is necessary to educate the next generation of experts, but the hardware and software tools needed for education are often expensive and access to them is sometimes difficult, but most importantly, they change and evolve rapidly. Therefore, the use of cheaper hardware and free software helps to create a reliable and suitable environment for the education of engineering experts. Based on the overview of related works dealing with low-cost teaching solutions, we present in this paper our own low-cost Education Kit, for which the price can be as low as approximately EUR 108 per kit, for teaching the basic skills of deep learning in quality-control tasks in inspection lines. The solution is based on Arduino, TensorFlow and Keras, a smartphone camera, and is assembled using LEGO kit. The results of the work serve as inspiration for educators and educational institutions.
This volume introduces readers to regulatory theory. Aimed at practitioners, postgraduate students and those interested in regulation as a cross-cutting theme in the social sciences, Regulatory ...Theory includes chapters on the social-psychological foundations of regulation as well as theories of regulation such as responsive regulation, smart regulation and nodal governance. It explores the key themes of compliance, legal pluralism, meta-regulation, the rule of law, risk, accountability, globalisation and regulatory capitalism. The environment, crime, health, human rights, investment, migration and tax are among the fields of regulation considered in this ground-breaking book. Each chapter introduces the reader to key concepts and ideas and contains suggestions for further reading. The contributors, who either are or have been connected to the Regulatory Institutions Network (RegNet) at The Australian National University, include John Braithwaite, Valerie Braithwaite, Peter Grabosky, Neil Gunningham, Fiona Haines, Terry Halliday, David Levi-Faur, Christine Parker, Colin Scott and Clifford Shearing.
The current trend in industry is the digitalisation of production processes using modern information and communication technologies, a trend that falls under the fourth industrial revolution, ...Industry 4.0. Applications that link the world of information technologies (IT) and operational technologies (OT) are in particular demand. On the basis of information from practice, it can be stated that there is a shortage of specialists in the labour market for the interconnection of PLCs with information and communication technologies (cloud, web, mobile applications, etc.) in Slovakia and neighbouring countries. However, this problem is beginning to affect other countries in Europe as well. The main objective of the work was to prepare case studies suitable for educational purposes, which would address the modelling and control of a virtual discrete-event system using a PLC program and its subsequent interfacing to a cloud application. Within the scope of the work, three case studies were prepared to demonstrate the control of discrete-event system using different programming systems and their communication with the developed cloud applications. These applications are to be used for data monitoring and emergency intervention of the discrete-event system. The characteristics of the prepared case studies, which combine operational and informational technologies, predestines them for use in the sphere of education of engineers for digitalisation of production processes. They can also be helpful in research on the creation of digital twins, which represent a type of symmetry between real and virtual systems.
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