Les tabanides, ou taons, sont des diptères brachycères orthorrhaphes de grande taille, cosmopolites, dont la femelle seule est hématophage. L’adulte possède une tête large aux yeux bien développés, ...un thorax puissant, un abdomen souvent strié et de grandes ailes qui en font généralement de très bons voiliers (fig. 18.1). Les taons ont un cycle larvaire long (3 mois à 3 ans) et sont adaptés à tous types de milieux et de climats. Ils sont un fléau direct, en raison du harcèlement de leurs hôtes...
Avant-propos Duvallet, Gérard; Fontenille, Didier; Robert, Vincent
2017
Book Chapter
Parmi les raisons nous ayant amenés à nous lancer dans l’édition scientifique du présent ouvrage, trois considérations ressortent : il n’existe plus de livre de référence en langue française pour ...l’entomologie médicale et vétérinaire depuis qu’est épuisé le Précis d’entomologie médicale et vétérinaire de François Rodhain et Claudine Perez (1985) ; l’entomologie médicale et vétérinaire reste un sujet de préoccupation d’importance considérable. Il est clair, pour ne citer que quelques exemples,...
Après bien des modifications, on maintient, par commodité, les stomoxes (Stomoxys spp.) et genres voisins dans la tribu des Stomoxyini, sous-famille des Muscinae, famille des Muscidae (Diptera). Une ...publication récente fait en effet disparaître les tribus dans la classification des Muscidae et regroupe donc les genres correspondants dans la sous-famille des Muscinae (Haseyama et al., 2015). Les stomoxes ont une morphologie générale qui rappelle celle des mouches domestiques, mais avec des piè...
Seasonal variations of insect population sizes are often dramatic, particularly in temperate regions and at altitudes where the climatic conditions are unfavorable to insect development during the ...winter. Decline of population size (or bottlenecks) and founder events may reduce the genetic variability and may create genetic differentiation between populations by drift and founder effects, but this reduction of genetic diversity is strongly influenced by gene flow between populations. In this study, we determined the population genetic structure for two stomoxyine species (Diptera: Muscidae), Stomoxys calcitrans (L.) and Stomoxys niger niger Macquart, which co-occur in dairy barns along an altitudinal gradient on La Réunion island. Using microsatellite markers, we quantified the genetic variation within and among populations for different altitudes. This study displays that, contrary to expectations, genetic diversity is not correlated with altitude and that genetic differentiation is not larger among high-altitude populations than among low-altitude populations. These results attest to the small drift and founder effects in high-altitude populations despite drastic decreases in population size during the winter. Furthermore, at the island scale, the populations of S. calcitrans were slightly differentiated, but those of S. niger niger were not. Together, the results revealed large levels of gene flow on La Réunion Island despite the dramatic geographic barriers, and they emphasize the importance of considering agricultural practices to restrict the dispersal of stomoxyines.
A total of 33 trypanosome cryostabilates isolated from domestic animals (bovine and dogs) were analysed using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The PCR was undertaken on diluted and treated buffy ...coat solutions according to an easy protocol of purification, using primers specific to
Trapanosoma (Nannomonas) congolense of Savannah, Riverine-Forest, Kilifi and Tsavo types,
T. (N) simiae, T. (Trypanozoon) brucei and
T. (Duttonella) vivax. The results showed a lack of PCR sensitivity when target solutions were simply diluted, probably a reflection of the inaccuracy of the dilution procedure at very low trypanosome numbers. Nine mixed infections were found in purified samples whereas only three were detected in diluted crude solutions.
T. congolense Savannah-type was present in all stabilates. Double infections involving this type with the Riverine-Forest type,
T. vivax or
T. brucei, were found. One stabilate was found to be infected with the three trypanosome types, namely,
T. congolense Savannah and Riverine-Forest genotypes and
T. vivax. No infection attributable to
T. congolense Kilifi and Tsavo types or
T. simiae was detected in these stabilates.
This work confirmed the abundance of mixed infections in the field, which could not have been detected by the classical parasitological methods. Amongst the
T. congolense infections, the Savannah genotype was found to be predominant over the Riverine-Forest type; that could be a consequence of difference in genotype virulence in cattle. The detection of
T. congolense Riverine-Forest type in vertebrate hosts living in wet areas could be confirmation of the suspected affinity of relationships between this taxa and the riverine forest tsetse fly species.
INTRODUCTION La protection personnelle antivectorielle préconise, en complément aux méthodes de protection physique (vêtements longs, moustiquaires), l’utilisation de substances chimiques (répulsifs ...cutanés, produits d’imprégnation de vêtements, de moustiquaires ou de rideaux, insecticides pour pulvérisation dans la maison, tortillons fumigènes, etc.). Il était donc judicieux de se préoccuper des effets délétères éventuels à long terme de ces produits liés à la protection personnelle antivect...
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