Several available codes for hadronic event generation and shower simulation are discussed and their predictions are compared to experimental data in order to obtain a satisfactory description of ...hadronic processes in Monte Carlo studies of detector systems for medium energy experiments. The most reasonable description is found for the intra-nuclear-cascade (INC) model of Bertini which employs microscopic description of the INC, taking into account elastic and inelastic pion–nucleon and nucleon–nucleon scattering. The isobar model of Sternheimer and Lindenbaum is used to simulate the inelastic elementary collisions inside the nucleus via formation and decay of the
Δ
33-resonance which, however, limits the model at higher energies.
To overcome this limitation, the INC model has been extended by using the resonance model of the HADRIN code, considering all resonances in elementary collisions contributing more than 2% to the total cross-section up to kinetic energies of 5
GeV. In addition, angular distributions based on phase shift analysis are used for elastic nucleon–nucleon as well as elastic and charge exchange pion–nucleon scattering. Also kaons and antinucleons can be treated as projectiles. Good agreement with experimental data is found predominantly for lower projectile energies, i.e. in the regime of the Bertini code.
The original as well as the extended Bertini model have been implemented as shower codes into the high energy detector simulation package GEANT-3.14, allowing now its use also in full Monte Carlo studies of detector systems at intermediate energies. The GEANT-3.14 here have been used mainly for its powerful geometry and analysing packages due to the complex EDDA detector system.
Zusammenfassung
Die chinesische Medizin stellt ein eigenständiges Medizinsystem dar, das in Verständnis und Anwendung tief mit den philosophischen und gesellschaftlichen Ideen des Jahrtausende alten ...chinesischen Weltbilds verwurzelt ist. Bereits sehr alten Texte (Huang di Neijing,
Der Klassiker des Gelben Kaisers
, 200–400 v. Chr.) greifen die Beschwerden gynäkologischer Störungen und ihre Behandlung auf. Zyklusassoziierte Beschwerden, klimakterische Symptome, unerfüllter Kinderwunsch – diese Phänomene sind auch heutzutage häufig, und die Nachfrage nach komplementären sowie integrativen Therapieansätzen wächst stetig. Die chinesische Medizin bietet mit ihren 5 Behandlungssäulen (Akupunktur, Phytotherapie, Ernährungslehre, Bewegungstherapie-Qigong und Physiotherapie-TuiNa) zahlreiche Therapieoptionen, wobei die Akupunktur in Europa am weitesten verbreitet ist. Im Verständnis von Krankheit wird insbesondere konstitutionellen Aspekten und Bereichen des täglichen Lebens (allgemeines Wohlbefinden, aktuelle Lebenssituation, Ernährung, Emotionen) ein hoher Stellenwert zugeschrieben. Diese Arbeit gibt sowohl einen Einstieg in das Verständnis gynäkologischer Erkrankungen aus der Sicht der chinesischen Medizin als auch einen Überblick über wissenschaftliche Wirksamkeitsnachweise bei genannten Indikationen.
Musk xylene (MX), musk ketone (MK), musk ambrette, musk moskene, and musk tibetene are synthetic fragrances. Between 1994 and 1996 these five nitromusk compounds (NMCs) were tested in the blood of ...152 women who consulted the Endocrinological Department of the University Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Heidelberg, Germany, because of gynecological problems. The testing was conducted by gas chromotography with mass-specific detector and mass spectrometry in a retrospective cross-sectional study. MX was detected in 95% and MK in 85% of the blood samples (>20 ng per liter whole blood). The median concentration of MX was 65.5 ng/L and the maximum level of MX was 1183 ng/L; the corresponding values for MK were respectively 55.5 and 518 ng/L. The other three NMCs were found in only a few patients or not at all. Significant associations between MX and MK concentrations were found in blood and different clinical parameters of the endocrine system. MX and MK may act centrally as a disrupter of the (supra-) hypothalamic–ovarian axis, which may result in a mild ovarian insufficiency. On the basis of our data, a reproductive toxicity and an endocrine effect of NMCs in women cannot be ruled out. Further experimental and clinical studies should be conducted.
BACKGROUNDAnterolateral thigh (ALT) and gracilis muscle flaps have been described as comparable reconstructive options regarding maximal flap dimension and indications. However, split-thickness ...skin-grafted muscle flaps are generally believed to be inferior to perforator flaps regarding the esthetic outcome of the recipient site. The purpose of this study was to challenge this assumption, comparing the long-term esthetic outcome of the gracilis and the ALT flap.METHODSOne hundred forty-eight patients who had undergone free flap reconstruction with either free split-thickness skin-grafted gracilis muscle flaps (n = 86) or ALT flaps (n = 62) were evaluated in the study. Patients' satisfaction with the esthetic outcome, rates of flap loss, wound healing disorders and the necessity for thinning the flap or scar correction procedures were assessed.RESULTSFlap loss occurred in 4 of 86 gracilis flaps (4.7%) and 2 of 62 (3.2%) ALT flaps (p > .9999). Thinning or scar correction procedures were necessary for 6 of 86 gracilis (7.0%) and 4 of 62 (6.5%; p > .9999) ALT flap recipient sites. Regarding the overall patients' satisfaction with the esthetic outcome, scores were similar in both groups (2.667 ALT vs. 2.348 gracilis; p = .3739). Contour deformity, scar hypertrophy, and difference in flap color/texture in relation to the surrounding skin were comparable throughout the ALT and gracilis group (2.667 vs. 2.174, p = .2099; 3.333 vs. 2.739, p = .0912 and 2.500 vs. 2.174, p = .3159, respectively).CONCLUSIONThe gracilis and ALT flap are two equivalent reconstructive options regarding the esthetic outcome of the recipient site and long-term patient satisfaction.
We synthesized (23 mer) ODN with different modifications, directed against nt 326-348 of HCV-RNA. The ODN contains 6 modified nucleotides. The types of modification we tested are nonionic ...(methylphosphonates, benzylphosphonates) and ionic phosphothioates.
The LHCb experiment at the CERN Large Hadron Collider (LHC) utilises two Ring Imaging CHerenkov (RICH) detectors for particle identification. To verify that the RICH assembly will perform as expected ...prior to installation, an array of 48 production Hybrid Photon Detectors and their readout have been tested under realistic running conditions in a 25
ns-structured charged particle beam provided by the SPS facility at CERN. This system test is an important milestone in the overall commissioning of the LHCb detector and demonstrates that all aspects meet the stringent physics requirements of the LHCb experiment.
