Herbal medicinal products have been documented as a significant source for discovering new pharmaceutical molecules that have been used to treat serious diseases. Many plant species have been ...reported to have pharmacological activities attributable to their phytoconstituents such are glycosides, saponins, flavonoids, steroids, tannins, alkaloids, terpenes, etc. Syzygium aromaticum (clove) is a traditional spice that has been used for food preservation and possesses various pharmacological activities. S. aromaticum is rich in many phytochemicals as follows: sesquiterpenes, monoterpenes, hydrocarbon, and phenolic compounds. Eugenyl acetate, eugenol, and β-caryophyllene are the most significant phytochemicals in clove oil. Pharmacologically, S. aromaticum has been examined toward various pathogenic parasites and microorganisms, including pathogenic bacteria, Plasmodium, Babesia, Theileria parasites, Herpes simplex, and hepatitis C viruses. Several reports documented the analgesic, antioxidant, anticancer, antiseptic, anti-depressant, antispasmodic, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, antifungal, and antibacterial activity of eugenol against several pathogenic bacteria including methicillin-resistant
and
. Moreover, eugenol was found to protect against CCl
induced hepatotoxicity and showed a potential lethal efficacy against the multiplication of various parasites including
,
,
and
. This review examines the phytochemical composition and biological activities of clove extracts along with clove essential oil and the main active compound, eugenol, and implicates new findings from gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) analysis.
Traditional herbal remedies have been attracting attention as prospective alternative resources of therapy for diverse diseases across many nations. In recent decades, medicinal plants have been ...gaining wider acceptance due to the perception that these plants, as natural products, have fewer side effects and improved efficacy compared to their synthetic counterparts.
L. (Licorice) is a small perennial herb that has been traditionally used to treat many diseases, such as respiratory disorders, hyperdipsia, epilepsy, fever, sexual debility, paralysis, stomach ulcers, rheumatism, skin diseases, hemorrhagic diseases, and jaundice. Moreover, chemical analysis of the
extracts revealed the presence of several organic acids, liquirtin, rhamnoliquirilin, liquiritigenin, prenyllicoflavone A, glucoliquiritin apioside, 1-metho-xyphaseolin, shinpterocarpin, shinflavanone, licopyranocoumarin, glisoflavone, licoarylcoumarin, glycyrrhizin, isoangustone A, semilicoisoflavone B, licoriphenone, and 1-methoxyficifolinol, kanzonol R and several volatile components. Pharmacological activities of
have been evaluated against various microorganisms and parasites, including pathogenic bacteria, viruses, and Plasmodium falciparum, and completely eradicated P. yoelii parasites. Additionally, it shows antioxidant, antifungal, anticarcinogenic, anti-inflammatory, and cytotoxic activities. The current review examined the phytochemical composition, pharmacological activities, pharmacokinetics, and toxic activities of
extracts as well as its phytoconstituents.
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a major human pathogen and a historically emergent zoonotic pathogen with public health and veterinary importance. In humans, MRSA commonly ...causes severe infectious diseases, including food poisoning, pyogenic endocarditis, suppurative pneumonia, otitis media, osteomyelitis, and pyogenic infections of the skin, soft tissues. In the horse, MRSA could cause a localized purulent infection and botryomycosis; in cattle and ewe, localized pyogenic infection and severe acute mastitis with marked toxemia; in sheep, abscess disease resembles caseous lymphadenitis caused by anaerobic strains; in dogs and cats, pustular dermatitis and food poisoning; in pig, exudative epidermatitis "greasy pig disease; in birds, MRSA causes bumble-foot. The methicillin resistance could be determined by PCR-based detection of the mecA gene as well as resistance to cefoxitin. In Egypt, MRSA is one of the important occasions of subclinical and clinical bovine mastitis, and the prevalence of MRSA varies by geographical region. In this review, we are trying to illustrate variable data about the host susceptibility, diseases, epidemiology, virulence factors, antibiotic resistance, treatment, and control of MRSA infection. Keywords: MRSA, One Health Approach, pathogenicity, virulence factors, epidemiology, antimicrobial resistance, treatment
Avermectins are a group of drugs that occurs naturally as a product of fermenting Streptomyces avermitilis, an actinomycetes, isolated from the soil. Eight different structures, including ivermectin, ...abamectin, doramectin, eprinomectin, moxidectin, and selamectin, were isolated and divided into four major components (A1a, A2a, B1a and B2a) and four minor components (A1b, A2b, B1b, and B2b). Avermectins are generally used as a pesticide for the treatment of pests and parasitic worms as a result of their anthelmintic and insecticidal properties. Additionally, they possess anticancer, anti-diabetic, antiviral, antifungal, and are used for treatment of several metabolic disorders. Avermectin generally works by preventing the transmission of electrical impulse in the muscle and nerves of invertebrates, by amplifying the glutamate effects on the invertebrates-specific gated chloride channel. Avermectin has unwanted effects or reactions, especially when administered indiscriminately, which include respiratory failure, hypotension, and coma. The current review examines the mechanism of actions, biosynthesis, safety, pharmacokinetics, biological toxicity and activities of avermectins.
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. The hallmarks are the presence of Lewy bodies composed ...mainly of aggregated α‐synuclein and immune activation and inflammation in the brain. The neurotropism of SARS‐CoV‐2 with induction of cytokine storm and neuroinflammation can contribute to the development of PD. Interestingly, overexpression of α‐synuclein in PD patients may limit SARS‐CoV‐2 neuroinvasion and degeneration of dopaminergic neurons; however, on the other hand, this virus can speed up the α‐synuclein aggregation. The review aims to discuss the potential link between COVID‐19 and the risk of PD, highlighting the need for further studies to authenticate the potential association. We have also overviewed the influence of SARS‐CoV‐2 infection on the PD course and management. In this context, we presented the prospects for controlling the COVID‐19 pandemic and related PD cases that, beyond global vaccination and novel anti‐SARS‐CoV‐2 agents, may include the development of graphene‐based nanoscale platforms offering antiviral and anti‐amyloid strategies against PD.
Campylobacter
, Gram-negative bacteria, is the most common cause of acute bacterial enteritis in human beings, both in developing and developed countries. It is believed that poultry, in particular ...broiler chickens, is the main host of human infection with
Campylobacter
. Handling and consumption of contaminated chicken meat are the usual modes of transmission. Prevention and reduction of
Campylobacter
colonization in poultry farms will cut off the road of infection transmission to humans throughout the food chain. With the incidence of antibiotic resistance and with growing concern about superbugs, the search for natural and safe alternatives will considerably increase in the coming years. In this review, we will discuss the prevalence and risk factors of
Campylobacter
colonization in broiler chickens and sources of infection. This review also provides extensive and recent approaches to prevent and control
Campylobacter
colonization in broiler chickens, including biosecurity measures, natural feed/drinking water additives with antimicrobial properties, bacteriocins, bacteriophages, antimicrobial peptides, and vaccination strategies to prevent and control the incidence of human campylobacteriosis.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic bacterium causing several health problems and having many virulence factors like biofilm formation on different surfaces. There is a significant need to ...develop new antimicrobials due to the spreading resistance to the commonly used antibiotics, partly attributed to biofilm formation. Consequently, this study aimed to investigate the anti-biofilm and anti-quorum sensing activities of Dioon spinulosum, Dyer Ex Eichler extract (DSE), against Pseudomonas aeruginosa clinical isolates. DSE exhibited a reduction in the biofilm formation by P. aeruginosa isolates both in vitro and in vivo rat models. It also resulted in a decrease in cell surface hydrophobicity and exopolysaccharide quantity of P. aeruginosa isolates. Both bright field and scanning electron microscopes provided evidence for the inhibiting ability of DSE on biofilm formation. Moreover, it reduced violacein production by Chromobacterium violaceum (ATCC 12,472). It decreased the relative expression of 4 quorum sensing genes (lasI, lasR, rhlI, rhlR) and the biofilm gene (ndvB) using qRT-PCR. Furthermore, DSE presented a cytotoxic activity with IC
of 4.36 ± 0.52 µg/ml against human skin fibroblast cell lines. For the first time, this study reports that DSE is a promising resource of anti-biofilm and anti-quorum sensing agents.
Abstract
We aimed to isolate
Acinetobacter baumannii
(
A. baumannii
) from wound infections, determine their resistance and virulence profile, and assess the impact of Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) on ...the bacterial growth, virulence and biofilm-related gene expression. AgNPs were synthesized and characterized using TEM, XRD and FTIR spectroscopy.
A. baumannii
(n = 200) were isolated and identified. Resistance pattern was determined and virulence genes (
afa/draBC, cnf1, cnf2, csgA, cvaC, fimH, fyuA, ibeA, iutA, kpsMT II, PAI, papC, PapG II, III, sfa/focDE
and
traT)
were screened using PCR. Biofilm formation was evaluated using Microtiter plate method. Then, the antimicrobial activity of AgNPs was evaluated by the well-diffusion method, growth kinetics and MIC determination. Inhibition of biofilm formation and the ability to disperse biofilms in exposure to AgNPs were evaluated. The effect of AgNPs on the expression of virulence and biofilm-related genes (
bap, OmpA, abaI, csuA/B, A1S_2091, A1S_1510, A1S_0690, A1S_0114
) were estimated using QRT-PCR. In vitro infection model for analyzing the antibacterial activity of AgNPs was done using a co-culture infection model of
A. baumannii
with human fibroblast skin cell line HFF-1 or Vero cell lines.
A. baumannii
had high level of resistance to antibiotics. Most of the isolates harbored the
fimH
,
afa/draBC
,
cnf1
,
csgA
and
cnf2,
and the majority of
A. baumannii
produced strong biofilms. AgNPs inhibited the growth of
A. baumannii
efficiently with MIC ranging from 4 to 25 µg/ml.
A. baumannii
showed a reduced growth rate in the presence of AgNPs. The inhibitory activity and the anti-biofilm activity of AgNPs were more pronounced against the weak biofilm producers. Moreover, AgNPs decreased the expression of
kpsMII
,
afa/draBC,bap, OmpA,
and
csuA/B
genes. The in vitro infection model revealed a significant antibacterial activity of AgNPs against extracellular and intracellular
A. baumannii
. AgNPs highly interrupted bacterial multiplication and biofilm formation. AgNPs downregulated the transcription level of important virulence and biofilm-related genes. Our findings provide an additional step towards understanding the mechanisms by which sliver nanoparticles interfere with the microbial spread and persistence.
Medicinal plants have been used from ancient times for human healthcare as in the form of traditional medicines, spices, and other food components. Garlic (
L.) is an aromatic herbaceous plant that ...is consumed worldwide as food and traditional remedy for various diseases. It has been reported to possess several biological properties including anticarcinogenic, antioxidant, antidiabetic, renoprotective, anti-atherosclerotic, antibacterial, antifungal, and antihypertensive activities in traditional medicines.
is rich in several sulfur-containing phytoconstituents such as alliin, allicin, ajoenes, vinyldithiins, and flavonoids such as quercetin. Extracts and isolated compounds of
have been evaluated for various biological activities including antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer activities among others. This review examines the phytochemical composition, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacological activities of
extracts as well as its main active constituent, allicin.
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease after Alzheimer's disease (AD). Genetic predisposition and immune dysfunction are involved in the pathogenesis of PD. ...Notably, peripheral inflammatory disorders and neuroinflammation are associated with PD neuropathology. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is associated with inflammatory disorders due to hyperglycaemia‐induced oxidative stress and the release of pro‐inflammatory cytokines. Particularly, insulin resistance (IR) in T2DM promotes the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra (SN). Thus, T2DM‐induced inflammatory disorders predispose to the development and progression of PD, and their targeting may reduce PD risk in T2DM. Therefore, this narrative review aims to find the potential link between T2DM and PD by investigating the role of inflammatory signalling pathways, mainly the nuclear factor kappa B (NF‐κB) and the nod‐like receptor pyrin 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome. NF‐κB is implicated in the pathogenesis of T2DM, and activation of NF‐κB with induction of neuronal apoptosis was also confirmed in PD patients. Systemic activation of NLRP3 inflammasome promotes the accumulation of α‐synuclein and degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the SN. Increasing α‐synuclein in PD patients enhances NLRP3 inflammasome activation and the release of interleukin (IL)‐1β followed by the development of systemic inflammation and neuroinflammation. In conclusion, activation of the NF‐κB/NLRP3 inflammasome axis in T2DM patients could be the causal pathway in the development of PD. The inflammatory mechanisms triggered by activated NLRP3 inflammasome lead to pancreatic β‐cell dysfunction and the development of T2DM. Therefore, attenuation of inflammatory changes by inhibiting the NF‐κB/NLRP3 inflammasome axis in the early T2DM may reduce future PD risk.
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