In its early days, Hägerstrand's time‐geography met critique for being physicalistic and not sufficiently considering social aspects. In his article “Diorama, path and project”, Hägerstrand shows ...that the social dimension is embedded in time‐geography and underlines its ecological ambitions by introducing the “diorama” concept. This reflective article follows the development of the time‐geographic concepts “path” and “project”, both deepening the social dimension. The diorama concept was introduced to contextualize situations wherein humans, animals, plants and things coexist in the time–space, thereby increasing the understanding of how humans and individuals from other populations depend on each other, and how their interaction influence the ecological outcome. Today, the social dimension is integrated in time‐geography. The ecological view deepened in Hägerstrand's research over time and he found that the diorama concept insufficiently captured the time dimension and suggested the concepts “pocket of local order” and “processual landscape”, both setting the diorama in motion.
Hägerstrand and van Passen discussed the diorama display as representation of the intertwining of society and nature. Hägerstrand found the diorama too “situational” and underlined, instead, time as a continuous process and argued for the concepts “pocket of local order” and “processual landscape”.
► A short biography of Torsten Hägerstrand is presented. ► The biography gives the wider context in which Hägerstrand developed the time-geographic approach. ► Important time-geographical concepts ...are presented, of which some not previously presented previously in English. ► Torsten Hägerstrand’s contribution to the activity approach in transport geography is put to the fore.
The aim of this article is to put Torsten Hägerstrand’s contribution to the development of the activity approach in transport geography into the context of his development of time-geography as an integrative ecological world view. This is discussed from a biographical perspective where experiences in his everyday life and scientific investigations are linked into a theoretical whole. The theoretical approach of Hägerstrand can be traced to experiences several years before he presented his time-geographic approach. He studied conditions for individuals’ existence in different geographic, social, and ecological contexts by engaging new methods and cross-fertilizing research fields; he developed precise concepts and a notation system general enough to describe any kind of individual and applicable at different levels of aggregation. He combined theoretical and methodological developments in science with active involvement in the Swedish planning model in various sectors, not least urban and transport planning – at the same time as he criticized the fragmentation of society into separate sectors for policy and planning purposes. The article shows that Hägerstrand’s early sources of inspiration were in his struggle to develop both a precise and general time-geographic approach. The activity approach in transport research is ingrained in time-geography since the extension of and distance between locations of resources make transport inevitable. Hence, the human needs of transport are generated from activities in people’s everyday lives. Hägerstrand’s activity approach was developed in an era when transport prognoses based on the development of demand for transportation as such prevailed. Today, the activity approach is a dominant strand in transportation research.
Time-geography is a mode of thinking that helps in the understanding of change in society, the wider context and ecological consequences of human actions. This book presents its assumptions, concepts ...and methods, and example applications. The intellectual path of the Swedish geographer Torsten Hägerstrand is a key foundation for this book. His research contributions are shown in the context of the urbanization of Sweden, involvement in the emerging planning sector and empirical studies on Swedish emigration. Migration and innovation diffusion studies paved the way for prioritizing time and space dimensions and recognizing time and space as unity. From these insights time-geography grew. This book includes the ontological grounds and concepts as well as the specific notation system of time-geography - a visual language for interdisciplinary research and communication. Applications are divided into themes: urban and regional planning; transportation and communication; organization of production and work; everyday life, wellbeing and household division of labor; and ecological sustainability - time-geographic studies on resource use. This book looks at the outlook for this developing branch of research and the future application of time-geography to societal and academic contexts. Its interdisciplinary nature will be appealing to postgraduates and researchers who are interested in human geography, urban and regional planning and sociology.
In this year, 2020, the Covid-19 pandemic has imposed new challenges for most human activities. Time-geography is a theoretical approach with great potential for analysing the consequences of the new ...disease and other disturbances, and this article aims at identifying possible developments of interest for the approach in the post-Covid era. The article addresses challenges that emerge for time-geographic research from the perspective of massive changes in human behaviour, regarding time-space activity patterns, caused by the globally diffusing disease. The implications of the pandemic are discussed with respect to four areas: (i) time-geographic techniques; (ii) activities and rhythms; (iii) activity spaces; and (iv) social issues and perceptions. The time-geographic concepts to be scrutinised are constraints, virtual time space and bundles, and stations and paths. In addition, the article introduces this Special Issue of the Moravian Geographical Reports on ‘Current issues, methods and applications in time-geography’, contributions which for evident reasons were written before the onset of the pandemic.
A cluster analysis of energy-consuming activities in everyday life Palm, Jenny; Ellegård, Kajsa; Hellgren, Mattias
Building research and information : the international journal of research, development and demonstration,
01/2018, Letnik:
46, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Flexible consumption in the household sector concerns individuals' daily choices and the routines that develop in their households. Targeting household-level energy consumption therefore requires an ...understanding of energy consumption in relation to individual household members' activity patterns. Individual time-diaries reveal when, for how long and where energy-related activities occur, permitting discussions of the temporal flexibility of these activities. Using multiple time-diaries (n = 6477) from a population reveals differences in activity patterns in larger groups and permits recorded activities to be clustered. Few explorative studies perform cluster analyses of energy-consuming activities in order to examine when and for how long these activities occur. When clustering is done, it is usually based on socio-economic factors, and not on the activities performed in sequence. This paper reports a time-geographically inspired cluster analysis based on when and for how long some activities requiring electricity are performed in the home by individuals in a population. The presented cluster analysis based on activities gives a new perspective to the discussion of flexible users and provides a basis for deeper analyses, for example, of whether activities are moveable in time for individuals, complementing cluster analysis based on other variables.
A time-geographic diary approach is of interest in occupational therapy due to the inclusion of the diarist's subjective experiences. There are several methods for detecting doing in time, but ...details needed for analysis are still lacking. The smartphone application POrtable Diary Data collector (PODD), a 24-hr diary based on the time-geographic diary has recently been introduced.
To test the usability of PODD as a tool for diary data collection to detect and visualize sequences of daily activities.
An exploratory sequential design was used, where diary data was first collected and then followed by a questionnaire assessing usefulness. Thirty-one occupational therapy students participated. Usability testing was applied, exploring how participants experienced the use of the device. Data was analysed qualitatively and quantitatively.
The PODD visually presents activity sequences and thus assists in detecting patterns of daily occupations (PDO). The students agreed on the supportive statements concerning learnability, efficiency and memorability. Regarding errors and satisfaction, participants agreed that the device was easy to use.
Using a mobile application to collect data about students' daily activities was effective. However, the PODD needs to be further evaluated among other groups and contexts as well as for its usefulness for PDO analyses.
Time-use data (TUD) have a large potential for improving occupancy and load modelling and for introducing realistic behavioural patterns into various simulations. In this article, previously ...developed models of occupancy, activities and energy use based on TUD are extended and described in a general framework. Two extensions are studied: deterministic conversion of empirical TUD is extended into a complete thermal load model encompassing both occupancy and various end-uses and a Markov-chain approach for generating synthetic TUD sequences is extended to include a model for load management. Three examples of building-related applications are presented: simulation of indoor climate in a low-energy building, household electricity load management in response to time-differentiated electricity tariffs and simulations of load matching in a net zero energy building. The main conclusion is that the extended model framework can generate detailed and realistic behavioural patterns that allow diversity and correlations between end-uses to be taken into account.
Time-geography is a mode of thinking that helps us understand change processes in society, the wider context and the ecological consequences of human actions. This book brings together international ...time-geographic research from a range of disciplines. Swedish geographer Torsten Hägerstrand is a key foundation for this book, and an introductory biography charts the influences that led to the formation of his theories. A central theme across time-geography research is recognizing time and space as unity. Contributions from the Netherlands, the USA, Japan, China, Norway and Sweden showcase the diverse palette of time-geography research. Chapters study societies adjusting to rapid urbanization, or investigate the need for structural changes in childcare organization. The book also delves into green transportation and the interplay between humans and nature in landscape transformation. Applicational chapters look at ICT effects on young people’s daily life and methods for engaging clients in treatment practice. This book situates the outlook for this developing branch of research and the application of time-geography to societal and academic contexts. Its interdisciplinary nature will appeal to postgraduates and researchers who are interested in human geography, urban and regional planning and sociology.
Development of clinical practice at a Danish neurorehabilitation centre was delegated to a group of health professional developers. Their job function lacked conceptual foundation, and it was unclear ...how their working tasks contributed to evidence-based practice.
Conceptual clarification of the job function and pattern analysis of activity distributions for health professional developers.
Health professional developers kept continuous time geographical diaries for two weeks. Meaningful categories were subtracted through content analysis. Patterns were analysed within activity distributions with regards to evidence-based practice.
A total of 213 diaries were collected from 21 health professional developers of three professions (physiotherapists, occupational therapists and nurses). Each participant reported 6-13 workdays (median 10 days). Eleven main categories of work tasks emerged with 42 subcategories. Overall, 7% of total time reported was spent on external knowledge, with minimal variation between professions and contractual time allocation.
Conceptual clarification of work tasks was established for health professional developers. Their work activity distributions contributed mainly to maintenance of existing level of professional knowledge rather than to implementation of new knowledge, which did not fulfil the intended responsibility for development of evidence-based practice. Educational competence boost and data-driven change of organisation structure was recommended.
Background: The PREP (Pathways and Resources for Engagement and Participation), an innovative 12-week occupational therapy intervention that focuses on changing the environment, was found effective ...in improving the participation of youth in specific chosen community-based activities.
Objective: To complement existing evidence, this study explored changes in overall participation patterns of youth with physical disabilities following the PREP intervention.
Methods: Guided by time-geography approach, 13 youth aged 12-17 completed a 24-hr diary using the Aday app during one typical weekday and another day during the weekend, pre- and post-intervention. Data of 50 diaries were plotted and analyzed using the VISUALTimePAcTS program.
Results: Following the PREP, youth were engaged in less digital media and more in study-related activities. Number of occurrences and time spent doing activities with friends were greater post-intervention, whereas time spent doing activities at home was quite similar, particularly during the weekdays. During the weekends, however, youth spent slightly less time at home.
Conclusions and significance: Findings provide preliminary support for the effectiveness of the PREP, extending beyond the accomplishment of specific targeted activities towards a change in the overall daily patterns of youth. Such knowledge can redirect occupational therapists' attention to environment-focused interventions involving real-life experiences.
PDF
