Stretchable energy‐storage devices receive considerable attention due to their promising applications in future wearable technologies. However, they currently suffer from many problems, including low ...utility of active materials, limited multidirectional stretchability, and poor stability under stretched conditions. In addition, most proposed designs use one or more rigid components that fail to meet the stretchability requirement for the entire device. Here, an all‐stretchable‐component sodium‐ion full battery based on graphene‐modified poly(dimethylsiloxane) sponge electrodes and an elastic gel membrane is developed for the first time. The battery exhibits reasonable electrochemical performance and robust mechanical deformability; its electrochemical characteristics can be well‐maintained under many different stretched conditions and after hundreds of stretching–release cycles. This novel design integrating all stretchable components provides a pathway toward the next generation of wearable energy devices in modern electronics.
An all‐stretchable‐component sodium‐ion full battery is fabricated using graphene‐modified PDMS sponge electrodes. This novel designed stretchable battery shows outstanding electrochemical performance and robust mechanical deformability. It is expected to be suitable for application in various stretchable electronic devices.
Block copolymers (BCPs) must necessarily have high interaction parameters (χ), a fundamental measure of block incompatibility, to self-assemble into sub-10-nanometer features. Unfortunately, a high χ ...often results from blocks that have disparate interfacial energies, which makes the formation of useful thin-film domain orientations challenging. To mitigate interfacial forces, polymers composed of maleic anhydride and two other components have been designed as top coats that can be spin-coated from basic aqueous solution in the ring-opened, acid salt form. When baked, the anhydride reforms and switches polarity to create a neutral layer enabling BCP feature alignment not possible by thermal annealing alone. Top coats were applied to the lamella-forming block copolymers poly(styrene-block-trimethyilylstyrene-block-styrene) and poly(trimethylsilylstyrene-block-lactide), which were thermally annealed to produce perpendicular features with linewidths of 15 and 9 nanometers, respectively.
ABSTRACT
We investigate how star formation quenching proceeds within central and satellite galaxies using spatially resolved spectroscopy from the SDSS-IV MaNGA DR15. We adopt a complete sample of ...star formation rate surface densities (ΣSFR), derived in Bluck et al. (2020), to compute the distance at which each spaxel resides from the resolved star forming main sequence (ΣSFR − Σ* relation): ΔΣSFR. We study galaxy radial profiles in ΔΣSFR, and luminosity weighted stellar age (AgeL), split by a variety of intrinsic and environmental parameters. Via several statistical analyses, we establish that the quenching of central galaxies is governed by intrinsic parameters, with central velocity dispersion (σc) being the most important single parameter. High mass satellites quench in a very similar manner to centrals. Conversely, low mass satellite quenching is governed primarily by environmental parameters, with local galaxy overdensity (δ5) being the most important single parameter. Utilizing the empirical MBH − σc relation, we estimate that quenching via AGN feedback must occur at $M_{\rm BH} \ge 10^{6.5-7.5} \, \mathrm{M}_{\odot }$, and is marked by steeply rising ΔΣSFR radial profiles in the green valley, indicating ‘inside-out’ quenching. On the other hand, environmental quenching occurs at overdensities of 10–30 times the average galaxy density at z∼ 0.1, and is marked by steeply declining ΔΣSFR profiles, indicating ‘outside-in’ quenching. Finally, through an analysis of stellar metallicities, we conclude that both intrinsic and environmental quenching must incorporate significant starvation of gas supply.
Immunotherapy has recently become widely used in lung cancer. Many oncologists are focused on cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen‐4 (CTLA‐4), programmed cell death ligand‐1 (PD‐L1) and programmed cell ...death‐1 (PD‐1). Immunotherapy targeting the PD‐1/PD‐L1 checkpoints has shown promising efficacy in non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), but questions remain to be answered. Among them is whether the simultaneous inhibition of other checkpoints could improve outcomes. Lymphocyte‐activation gene‐3 (LAG‐3) is another vital checkpoint that may have a synergistic interaction with PD‐1/PD‐L1. Here we review the LAG‐3 function in cancer, clinical trials with agents targeting LAG‐3 and the correlation of LAG‐3 with other checkpoints.
Immunotherapy in cancer is a hot topic and many oncologists want to learn about the relevant biomarkers with the current focus on CTLA 4 and PD 1/PD L1. However, also of interests are the varieties of alternative immune checkpoints including Lag 3/MHC II. In this paper, we review LAG 3 structure, function, the synergistic effects with CTLA 4 and PD 1/PD L1, as well as discussing LAG 3 clinical trials which are ongoing.
A highly effective flame retardant (FR) nanocoating was developed by conducting oxidative polymerization of dopamine monomer within an aqueous liquid crystalline (LC) graphene oxide (GO) scaffold ...coating. Due to its high water content, the LC scaffold coating approach facilitated fast transport and polymerization of dopamine precursors into polydopamine (PDA) within the water swollen interlayer galleries. Uniform and periodically stacked (14.5 Å d‐spacing) PDA/GO nanocoatings could be universally applied on different surfaces, including macroporous flexible polyurethane (PU) foam and flat substrates such as silicon wafers. Remarkably, PDA/GO coated PU foam exhibited highly efficient flame retardant performance reflected by a 65% reduction in peak heat release rate at 5 wt% PDA/GO loading in an 80 nm thick coating. While many physically mixed flame retardants are usually detrimental to the mechanical properties of the foam, the PDA/GO coating did not affect mechanical properties substantially. In addition, the PDA/GO coatings were stable in water due to the intrinsic adhesion capability of PDA and the transformation of GO to the more hydrophobic reduced GO form. Given that PDA is produced from dopamine, a molecule prevalent in nature, these findings suggest that significant opportunities exist for new polymeric FRs derived from other natural catechols.
Periodically stacked polydopamine/graphene oxide (PDA/GO) coatings are fabricated via a GO liquid crystalline scaffold approach. This coating process is demonstrated to be feasible on different surfaces. When applied to polyurethane foam, the coatings impart effective flame retardancy reflected by a 65% reduction in peak heat release rate for 5 wt% PDA/GO coatings, exceeding the performance of most existing FR materials.
Transforming how plastics are made, unmade, and remade through innovative research and diverse partnerships that together foster environmental stewardship is critically important to a sustainable ...future. Designing, preparing, and implementing polymers derived from renewable resources for a wide range of advanced applications that promote future economic development, energy efficiency, and environmental sustainability are all central to these efforts. In this
contribution, we take a comprehensive, integrated approach to summarize important and impactful contributions to this broad research arena. The Review highlights signature accomplishments across a broad research portfolio and is organized into four wide-ranging research themes that address the topic in a comprehensive manner: Feedstocks, Polymerization Processes and Techniques, Intended Use, and End of Use. We emphasize those successes that benefitted from collaborative engagements across disciplinary lines.
Thermoresponsive smart electrolytes based on Pluronic solution are developed for active control and thermal self‐protection of electrochemical energy‐storage devices. Mechanistic studies reveal that ...the highly effective and reversible self‐protection behavior is attributed to the sol–gel transition of the Pluronic solution upon temperature change. The transition temperature and the degree of performance suppression can be tuned over a wide range.
Poly(butylene terephthalate), polypropylene, and polystyrene nanofibers with average diameters less than 500
nm have been produced by a single orifice melt blowing apparatus using commercially viable ...processing conditions. This result is a major step towards closing the gap between melt blowing technology and electrospinning in terms of the ability to produce nano-scale fibers. Furthermore, analysis of fiber diameter distributions reveals they are well described by a log-normal distribution function regardless of average fiber diameter, indicating that the underlying fiber attenuation mechanisms are retained even when producing nanofibers. However, a comparison of the breadth of the distributions between mats with differing average fiber diameters indicates that the dependence of the breadth with average fiber diameter is not universal (i.e., it is material dependent). Finally, under certain processing conditions, we observe fiber breakup that we believe is driven by surface tension and these instabilities may represent the onset of an underlying fundamental limit to the process.
Abstract
In this work, we use ∼500 low-redshift (
z
∼ 0.1) X-ray active galactic nuclei (AGNs) observed by XMM-Newton and the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) to investigate the prevalence and nature ...of AGNs that apparently lack optical emission lines (“optically dull AGNs”). Although one quarter of spectra appear absorption-line dominated in visual assessment, line extraction with robust continuum subtraction from the MPA/JHU catalog reveals usable O
iii
measurements in 98% of the sample, allowing us to study O
iii
-underluminous AGNs together with more typical AGNs in the context of the
L
O
III
–
L
X
relation. We find that “optically dull AGNs” do not constitute a distinct population of AGNs. Instead, they are the O
iii
-underluminous tail of a single, unimodal
L
O
III
–
L
X
relation that has substantial scatter (0.6 dex). We find the degree to which an AGN is underluminous in O
iii
correlates with the specific star formation rate or
D
4000
index of the host, which are both linked to the molecular gas fraction. Thus the emerging physical picture for the large scatter seems to involve the gas content of the narrow-line region. We find no significant role for previously proposed scenarios for the presence of optically dull AGNs, such as host dilution or dust obscuration. Despite occasionally weak lines in SDSS spectra, >80% of X-ray AGNs are identified as such with the Baldwin–Phillips–Terlevich diagram. More than 90% are classified as AGNs based only on N
ii
/H
α
, providing more complete AGN samples when O
iii
or H
β
are weak. X-ray AGNs with LINER spectra obey essentially the same
L
O
III
–
L
X
relation as Seyfert 2s, suggesting their line emission is produced by AGN activity.
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