A new design of a detector plane of sub-millimetre thickness for an electromagnetic sampling calorimeter is presented. It is intended to be used in the luminometers LumiCal and BeamCal in future ...linear e
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collider experiments. The detector planes were produced utilising novel connectivity scheme technologies. They were installed in a compact prototype of the calorimeter and tested at DESY with an electron beam of energy 1–5 GeV. The performance of a prototype of a compact LumiCal comprising eight detector planes was studied. The effective Molière radius at 5 GeV was determined to be (8.1 ± 0.1 (stat) ± 0.3 (syst)) mm, a value well reproduced by the Monte Carlo (MC) simulation (8.4 ± 0.1) mm. The dependence of the effective Molière radius on the electron energy in the range 1–5 GeV was also studied. Good agreement was obtained between data and MC simulation.
FCC-ee interaction region backgrounds
International journal of modern physics. A, Particles and fields, gravitation, cosmology,
06/2020
Journal Article
A prototype of a luminometer, designed for a future
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collider detector, and consisting at present of a four-plane module, was tested in the CERN PS accelerator T9 beam. The objective of this ...beam test was to demonstrate a multi-plane tungsten/silicon operation, to study the development of the electromagnetic shower and to compare it with MC simulations. The Molière radius has been determined to be 24.0 ± 0.6 (stat.) ± 1.5 (syst.) mm using a parametrization of the shower shape. Very good agreement was found between data and a detailed Geant4 simulation.
We present experimental results giving evidence for the strong reduction—a factor of more than 20—of nuclear-charge changing interactions for 18 TeV In49+ ions channeled through a silicon crystal ...bent to 7.5, 11.9 and 19.8 mrad. A very small fraction of the deflected ions suffer electromagnetic or nuclear interactions leading to proton loss while traversing the 60 mm long crystal, even though its thickness corresponds to about 0.13 nuclear interaction lengths for an amorphous material. By considering the deflected ions only, we show experimentally that the nuclear-charge pickup reaction believed to be induced by virtual photons is a short-range phenomenon.
During the latest decade, experiments have been performed at the CERN SPS to investigate the use of high-energy channeled nuclei in bent crystals for extraction, beam splitting and beam bending. An ...understanding of channeling in a bent crystal with extraction and deflection efficiencies for different energies, crystal types and ions has been developed. Furthermore, the long-standing question of radiation damage has been addressed with encouraging outcome. This makes extrapolations possible for the construction of, e.g., an extraction device for the LHC at CERN, RHIC at Brookhaven or new splitting elements in high-energy beams.We present the main results obtained and discuss existing and future applications of bent crystals in high-energy physics.
A few years ago the CERN NA-43 collaboration installed an upgraded detector system which allows a detailed analysis of the particle motion before, during and after penetration of a crystal. Also, ...essentially perfect diamond crystals were produced by the collaborators from Schonland Research Centre. These facts have led to new and very detailed investigations of QED-processes in strong crystalline fields. Along axial directions the radiation emission is enhanced by more than two orders of magnitude. For incidence on a 0.7 mm thick diamond crystal of well-aligned 149 GeV electrons, 35% give rise to a high energy photon peak at ≃120 GeV. For 243 GeV electrons and ≃200 GeV photons, this number decreases to 25% – which may be an indication of quantum suppression. Different measurements of the photon multiplicities show that in most cases positrons and electrons emit equal number of photons. The dramatic radiation emission leads to a strong reduction in transverse energy and all electrons incident within the critical angle are captured to high lying channeling states and exit at channeling angles corresponding to their final energy – a completely new result for negatively charged particles. For the first time, we present an analysis where the photon is used as a `messenger' for the transverse energy of the electron during the formation time and we conclude that the more energetic photons are created closer to the string and emitted in the axial direction – in contrast to earlier calculations using the Dirac equation. The strongly enhanced radiation emission leads to angular cooling for electrons but angular heating for positrons and we show that at higher electron energies the cooling becomes stronger as expected from theory. For electrons, the radiative cooling gives rise to a capture of above-barrier particles into the channeled beam. The total radiative energy loss is shown as not to follow the
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2-law expected from classical electrodynamics, but turns over towards the
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2/3-law as found from a full QED calculation. Detailed comparisons of doughnut formation for
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− just before radiation emission and behind the crystal show large differences in equalization – evidence that the hard photons are emitted in the first part of the crystal.
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