The capability of the data center network largely decides the performance of cloud computing. However, the number of servers in the data center network becomes increasingly huge, because of the ...continuous growth of the application requirements. The performance improvement of cloud computing faces great challenges of how to connect a large number of servers in building a data center network with promising performance. Traditional tree-based data center networks have issues of bandwidth bottleneck, failure of single switch, etc. Recently proposed data center networks such as DCell, FiConn, and BCube, have larger bandwidth and better fault-tolerance with respect to traditional tree-based data center networks. Nonetheless, for DCell and FiConn, the fault-tolerant length of path between servers increases in case of failure of switches; BCube requires higher performance in switches when its scale is enlarged. Based on the above considerations, we propose a new server-centric data center network, called BCDC, based on crossed cube with excellent performance. Then, we study the connectivity of BCDC networks. Furthermore, we propose communication algorithms and fault-tolerant routing algorithm of BCDC networks. Moreover, we analyze the performance and time complexities of the proposed algorithms in BCDC networks. Our research will provide the basis for design and implementation of a new family of data center networks.
Optimally Embedding 3-Ary n-Cubes into Grids Fan, Wei-Bei; Fan, Jian-Xi; Lin, Cheng-Kuan ...
Journal of computer science and technology,
03/2019, Letnik:
34, Številka:
2
Journal Article
Recenzirano
The 3-ary
n
-cube, denoted as
Q
n
3
, is an important interconnection network topology proposed for parallel computers, owing to its many desirable properties such as regular and symmetrical ...structure, and strong scalability, among others. In this paper, we first obtain an exact formula for the minimum wirelength to embed
Q
n
3
into grids. We then propose a load balancing algorithm for embedding
Q
n
3
into a square grid with minimum dilation and congestion. Finally, we derive an
O
(
N
2
) algorithm for embedding
Q
n
3
into a gird with balanced communication, where
N
is the number of nodes in
Q
n
3
. Simulation experiments are performed to verify the total wirelength and evaluate the network cost of our proposed embedding algorithm.
•In this study, natural garlic essential oil was used to prevent Eimeria tenella infection. The 1-day-old Nongda No. 3 diet saving egg chicks were fed with natural garlic essential oil for 22 days to ...observe its anti coccidia effect.•The results showed continuous feeding of different doses of natural garlic essential oil could significantly reduce the clinical symptoms, cecal lesions, the number of oocysts, but increase the weight of sick chickens, and effectively improve the intestinal functions.•Adding 0.06 ml / L natural garlic essential oil to drinking water can effectively reduce the excretion of oocysts, promote the secretion of immunoglobulin and the production and utilization of protein, improve the immune ability of laying hens, and have anti coccidia effect. It is recommended to be applied in clinical production.•The anti-coccidiosis effects was similar to that observed with diclazuril administration. To a certain extent, garlic essential oil could act as a possible replacement of antibiotics to control Eimeria tenella. At the same time, it is also necessary to develop proper dosage and ways to formulate garlic essential oil into a new, valuable and harmless pharmacological agent for both the disease prevention and treatment.
Chicken coccidiosis is a kind of parasitic protozoosis caused by Eimeria parasitizing in the chicken intestinal epithelial cells. Eimeria tenella is considered as a significantly virulent and harmful parasite. At present, drug resistance remains a major problem and a large number of drug residues have been found to be produced in the treatment of the disease. Hence, novel strategies are needed to avoid the harmful effects caused by the generation of various chemical drug residues to the human body and also reduce the economic loss caused by coccidiosis to the chicken industry. In this study, natural garlic essential oil was used to control Eimeria tenella infection. The anticoccidial index (ACI) was calculated according to the clinical symptoms, body weight gain, oocyst excretion and cecal lesions. The immune organ index and serum biochemical indexes were measured to verify the possible anticoccidial effects. The results showed that: compared with the infected group, continuous feeding of different doses of natural garlic essential oil could significantly reduce the clinical symptoms, cecal lesions, the number of oocysts, but increase the weight of sick chickens, and effectively improve the intestinal functions. Moreover, compared with diclazuril control group, 0.06 mL/L garlic essential oil exhibited similar anticoccidial index. The content of immune organ index, serum biochemical index IgM, IgG and IgA in 0.06 mL/L garlic essential oil group was the highest, which indicated that garlic essential oil had a significant tendency to improve the immune function of the chickens. This study also showed that the natural garlic essential oil exhibited the same beneficial effects as that of diclazuril on chicken coccidiosis, and the anti-coccidiosis index of 0.06 mL/L garlic essential oil was favorable. Thus based on the above evidences and its relatively low cost, garlic essential oil can be potentially be used as an efficient anti parasitic drug.
A new method, called granger causality density (GCD), could reflect the directed information flow of the epileptiform activity, which is much closely match with excitatory and inhibitory imbalance ...theory of epilepsy. Here, we investigated if GCD could effectively localize the Rolandic focus in 50 patients with benign childhood epilepsy with central-temporal spikes (BECTS) from 27 normal children. The BECTS were classified into ictal epileptiform discharges (IEDs; 12 females, 15 males;age, 8.15 ± 1.68 years) and non-IEDs (10 females, 13 males; age, 9.09 ± 1.98 years) subgroups depending on the presence of central-temporal spikes. Multiple correlation-modality analyses (Pearson, across-voxel and across-subject correlations) were used to calculate the couplings between the GCD maps and IEDs-related brain activation map. The individual lateralization coefficient of localize IEDs and multiple regression analysis were used to identify the reliability of the GCD method in localizing the Rolandic focus. In this study, multiple correlation-modality analyses showed that the IEDs-related brain activation map and the GCD maps had highly temporal (coefficient ׀
r\=
0.56 ~ 0.65) and spatial (\r\=0.53~0.91) (
r\=
~ couplings. The proposed GCD method and multiple regression analyses showed consistent findings with the clinical EEG recordings in lateralization of Rolandic focus. Furthermore, the GCD method could reflect the epilepsy-related brain activity during non-IEDs substate. Therefore, the proposed GCD method has the potential to be served as an effective and reliable neuroimaging biomarker to localize the Rolandic focus of BECTS. These findings are critical for clinical early diagnosis, and may promote the progression of treatment and management of pediatric epilepsy.
Capecitabine (CAP) is a classic antimetabolic drug and has shown potential antirejection effects after liver transplantation (LT) in clinical studies. Our previous study showed that metronomic CAP ...can cause the programmed death of T cells by inducing oxidative stress in healthy mice. Ferroptosis, a newly defined non-apoptotic cell death that occurs in response to iron overload and lethal levels of lipid peroxidation, is an important mechanism by which CAP induces cell death. Therefore, ferroptosis may also play an important role in CAP-induced T cell death and play an immunosuppressive role in acute rejection after trans-plantation.
To investigate the functions and underlying mechanisms of antirejection effects of metronomic CAP.
A rat LT model of acute rejection was established, and the effect of metronomic CAP on splenic hematopoietic function and acute graft rejection was evaluated 7 d after LT.
, primary CD3
T cells were sorted from rat spleens and human peripheral blood, and co-cultured with or without 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) (active agent of CAP). The levels of ferroptosis-related proteins, ferrous ion concentration, and oxidative stress-related indicators were observed. The changes in mito-chondrial structure were observed using electron microscopy.
With no significant myelotoxicity, metronomic CAP alleviated graft injury (Banff score 9
7.333,
< 0.001), prolonged the survival time of the recipient rats (11.5 d
16 d,
< 0.01), and reduced the infiltration rate of CD3
T cells in peripheral blood (6.859
3.735,
< 0.001), liver graft (7.459
3.432,
< 0.001), and spleen (26.92
12.9,
< 0.001), thereby inhibiting acute rejection after LT.
, 5-FU, an end product of CAP metabolism, induced the degradation of the ferritin heavy chain by upregulating nuclear receptor coactivator 4, which caused the accumulation of ferrous ions. It also inhibited nuclear erythroid 2 p45-related factor 2, heme oxygenase-1, and glutathione peroxidase 4, eventually leading to oxidative damage and ferroptosis of T cells.
Metronomic CAP can suppress acute allograft rejection in rats by triggering CD3
T cell ferroptosis, which makes it an effective immunosuppressive agent after LT.
Sleep-related attentional bias and instinctual craving-sleep status may be associated with value-driven selective attention network and SEEKING system. We hypothesized that the two networks might be ...important components and underlie etiology of inability to initiate or/and maintain sleep in patients with chronic insomnia (PIs). Our aim is to investigate whether frequency-frequency couplings(temporal and spatial coupling, and differences of a set of imaging parameters) could elevate the sensibility to characterize the two insomnia-related networks in studying their relationships with sleep parameters and post-insomnia emotions. Forty-eight PIs and 48 status-matched good sleepers were requested to complete sleep and emotion-related questionnaires. Receiver operating characteristic curve was used to calculate the discriminatory power of a set of parameters. Granger causality and mediating causality analysis were used to address the causal relationships between the two networks and sleep/emotion-related parameters. Frequency-frequency couplings could characterize the two networks with high discriminatory power (AUC, 0.951; sensitivity, 87.5%; specificity, 95.8%), which suggested that the frequency-frequency couplings could be served as a useful biomarker to address the insomnia-related brain networks. Functional deficits of the SEEKING system played decreased mediator acting in post-insomnia negative emotions (decreased frequency-frequency coupling). Functional hyperarousal of the value-driven attention network played decreased mediator acting in sleep regulation (increased frequency-frequency coupling). Granger causality analysis showed decreased causal effect connectivity between and within the two networks. The between-network causal effect connectivity segregation played decreased mediator acting in sleep regulation (decreased connectivity). These findings suggest that the functional deficits and segregation of the two systems may underlie etiology of PIs.
BCube is one kind of important data center networks. Hamiltonicity and Hamiltonian connectivity have significant applications in communication networks. So far, there have been many results ...concerning fault-tolerant Hamiltonicity and fault-tolerant Hamiltonian connectivity in some data center networks. However, these results only consider faulty edges and faulty servers. In this paper, we study the fault-tolerant Hamiltonicity and the fault-tolerant Hamiltonian connectivity of
BCube
(
n, k
) under considering faulty servers, faulty links/edges, and faulty switches. For any integers
n
≥ 2 and
k
≥ 0, let
BC
n,k
be the logic structure of
BCube
(
n, k
) and
F
be the union of faulty elements of
BC
n,k
. Let
f
v
,
f
e
, and
f
s
be the number of faulty servers, faulty edges, and faulty switches of
BCube
(
n, k
), respectively. We show that
BC
n,k
−
F
is fault-tolerant Hamiltonian if
f
v
+
f
e
+ (
n
− 1)
f
s
≤ (
n
− 1)(
k
+ 1) − 2 and
BC
n,k
−
F
is fault-tolerant Hamiltonian-connected if
f
v
+
f
e
+ (
n
− 1)
f
s
≤ (
n
− 1)(
k
+ 1) − 3. To the best of our knowledge, this paper is the first work which takes faulty switches into account to study the fault-tolerant Hamiltonicity and the fault-tolerant Hamiltonian connectivity in data center networks.
With the development of high-performance computing and the expansion of large-scale multiprocessor systems, it is significant to study the reliability of systems. Probabilistic fault diagnosis is of ...practical value to the reliability analysis of multiprocessor systems. In this paper, we design a linear time diagnosis algorithm with the multiprocessor system whose threshold is set to 3, where the probability that any node is correctly diagnosed in the discrete state can be calculated. Furthermore, we give the probabilities that all nodes of a
d
-regular and
d
-connected graph can be correctly diagnosed in the continuous state under the Weibull fault distribution and the Chi-square fault distribution. We prove that they approach to 1, which implies that our diagnosis algorithm can correctly diagnose almost all nodes of the graph.
