•Four polysaccharides were extracted from Flammulina velutipes.•Four extraction methods were optimized by orthogonal test.•Preliminary structural characterizations were conducted of the four ...polysaccharides.•Antioxidant activities of the four polysaccharides were investigated.
Four polysaccharides (CFP, UFP, MFP and EFP) were extracted from Flammulina velutipes using hot water, ultrasonic, microwave or enzymatic methods optimized by orthogonal test. Preliminary structural characterizations were conducted using physicochemical properties. Polysaccharides extracted by all four methods showed similar physicochemical characteristics and FT-IR spectra. However, SEM images of tissues of F. velutipes were significantly different. EFP demonstrated better antioxidant activities against hydroxyl radical as well as improved metal chelating activity. UFP showed higher DPPH scavenging activity, but CFP exhibited higher antioxidant activity in reducing power. Hence, these polysaccharides can be used as natural antioxidants in functional foods or medicine. Further experiments on the biological activities of these four polysaccharides are currently in progress.
► Chemical and physical characteristics of the polysaccharides were investigated. ► Antioxidant and hepatoprotective effects of the polysaccharides were investigated. ► The HEP80 showed strong ...activity on antioxidant and hepatoprotective activities. ► The hepatoprotective effect may be due to its potent antioxidant capacity.
Three fractions of the endo-polysaccharides from the mycelium of Hericium erinaceus (HEP) grown on tofu whey were obtained by the fractional precipitation with gradient concentrations of ethanol (HEP40, HEP60 and HEP80). The chemical and physical characteristics of the three crude polysaccharides were investigated by the combination of chemical and instrumental analysis methods. The studies to evaluate the antioxidant potential and the hepatoprotective effects of the three polysaccharides showed that they had different activities in different evaluation system. HEP80 showed strong activity on antioxidant in vitro and potent hepatoprotective effect in vivo and the hepatoprotective effect may be due to its potent antioxidant capacity. The HEP could be exploited as antioxidant product and a supplement in the prevention of hepatic diseases. The study also opens an avenue for the efficient utilization of tofu whey, which is usually discarded in environment, causing concerns.
The present study has been conducted to evaluate the antioxidant properties of fermented wheat (Triticum aestivum Linn.) extracted using acidified water, 70 % acetone and 70 % ethanol as compared to ...uninoculated control. Antioxidant activity, measured by the scavenging ability against 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radicals and hydroxyl radicals, reducing power and ferrous ion chelating ability was more effective in fermented than unfermented wheat. Furthermore, the extraction yield, total phenolic, total flavonoid and free phenolic acid content were significantly enhanced in fermented wheat. Among the various extracts examined, the acetone extract of the fermented wheat had the highest content of antioxidant compounds (66.37 mg/g as gallic acid equivalent per mass of the extract for polyphenols and 32.27 mg/g as rutin equivalent per mass of flavonoid extract) and antioxidant activity with the lowest EC.sub.50 values. Thus, fermentation with Cordyceps militaris can be used as a tool to develop wheat as a health food or ingredient with multi-functional properties which can be used in the food industry as a natural antioxidant. Key words: solid-state fermentation, Cordyceps militaris, antioxidant supplements, free phenolic acids
Summary
An efficient microwave‐assisted extraction (MAE) technique was employed in the extraction of phenolic compounds from Agaricus blazei murrill, and phenolic compounds were quantified by ...High‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The MAE procedure was optimised, validated and compared with other conventional extraction techniques. MAE gave the best result because of the highest extraction efficiency within the shortest extraction time. The optimal conditions of MAE were 60% ethanol, ratio of solid/liquid 1:30, temperature 110 °C, irradiation power 500 W and three extraction cycles, each 5 min. This is the first report on combining MAE with HPLC for the extraction and quantification of phenolic compounds in A. blazei murrill. The developed MAE method provided a good alternative for the extraction of phenolic compounds in A. blazei murrill as well as other materials.
The effects of physical modification methods, superfine grinding (SG) and high-pressure processing (HPP), on the physical and chemical properties of mushroom (A. chaxingu) powders were investigated. ...Scanning electron microscope observations revealed the shape and surface morphology of mushroom powders. The SG powder had smaller particle size and greater bulk density. The HPP powder had lower viscosity and a smaller angle of repose. The SG and HPP powders exhibited a water holding capacity of 3.82 g/g and 3.62 g/g, while the water solubility index was 32.6% and 28.3%, respectively. The chemical analysis indicated greater soluble dietary fiber (SDF) contents (9.63 g/100 g and 7.00 g/100 g), protein solubility (2.51% and 2.25%) and polysaccharide solubility (4.92% and 3.56%) in the SG and HPP powders, respectively. Overall, the application of SG and HPP may provide two novel approaches to achieve greater protein, SDF and polysaccharide contents with desirable properties.
Summary
Flammulina velutipes is one of the most popular edible mushrooms consumed all around the world. This study evaluates the antioxidant potential of four varieties of F. velutipes with different ...colour (snowy white, off‐white, yellow, snuff colour) in terms of DPPH scavenging activity, reducing power, hydroxyl radical scavenging activity and metal chelating activity. The total phenols, phenolic acid and l‐ergothioneine contents in the four varieties of F. velutipes were also determined. Extracts from yellow F. velutipes demonstrated better antioxidant activities in DPPH, hydroxyl radical and metal chelating activity and extracts from snowy white F. velutipes showed higher activity in reducing power. However, snuff colour F. velutipes exhibited the lowest antioxidant activity in all the tested assays. The antioxidant activities may be attributed to the higher phenolic acid and l‐ergothioneine contents as a linear relation was observed between the two components and the antioxidant parameters.
Mushrooms have become attractive as a functional food and as a source for the development of drugs and nutraceuticals.
A. brasiliensis is considered as the best among them. There are several ...published works on the fruiting bodies of this mushroom, showing high antitumor activity. The mycelium polysaccharide and exo-polysaccharide (EPS) of this mushroom also demonstrated a strong antitumor action. However, there is little information available in the literature about the optimization of physical and chemical conditions for production of EPS by submerged fermentation (SmF). After initial screening from the five strains available in the LPB Culture Collection,
A. brasiliensis LPB 03 was selected for EPS production in SmF. Studies on supplementation of a carbon source to the medium revealed that sucrose was most effective for EPS production. Yeast extract was the best for EPS among the inorganic and organic nitrogen sources tested. The factorial experiment demonstrated that a temperature of 30
°C and a pH of 6.1 were the best for the EPS production. Glucose 10
g/l, yeast extract 3
g/l, K
2HPO
4 0.6
g/l and MgSO
4 0.3
g/l were most suitable for the EPS production. Maximum EPS production was obtained in the static condition with manual agitation two times per day after a 1-week culture (382
mg/l), increasing by 78.62% more than that before optimization. In the bioreactor with aeration and agitation, the maximum EPS was produced at 321.2
mg/l. The EPS of
A. brasiliensis produced in SmF showed strong inhibition against Sarcoma 180 in mice, reaching 72.19% inhibition compared with the control group. Furthermore, 50% of mice in the test group demonstrated total tumor regression.
The effects of physical modification methods, superfine grinding (SG) and high-pressure processing (HPP), on the physical and chemical properties of mushroom (A. chaxingu) powders were investigated. ...Scanning electron microscope observations revealed the shape and surface morphology of mushroom powders. The SG powder had smaller particle size and greater bulk density. The HPP powder had lower viscosity and a smaller angle of repose. The SG and HPP powders exhibited a water holding capacity of 3.82 g/g and 3.62 g/g, while the water solubility index was 32.6% and 28.3%, respectively. The chemical analysis indicated greater soluble dietary fiber (SDF) contents (9.63g/100g and 7.00g/100g), protein solubility (2.51% and 2.25%) and polysaccharide solubility (4.92% and 3.56%) in the SG and HPP powders, respectively. Overall, the application of SG and HPP may provide two novel approaches to achieve greater protein, SDF and polysaccharide contents with desirable properties.
Cordyceps sinensis (Berk.) Sacc. is one of the well-described fungi that has been used in traditional Chinese medicine for over 700 years. Fungal mycelia contain some polysaccharides that are ...responsible for their biological activity. C. sinensis has traditionally been cultivated on the high Tibetan plateau as a parasitic fungus growing on caterpillars. However, currently it is being cultivated on some insects and in artificial media. This article deals with the advances in the production, isolation and purification of Cordyceps polysaccharide (CP) in recent years, as well as the structure elucidation and pharmacological action. The article also aims to provide some references for further application and exploitation in the future. Key words: Cordyceps polysaccharide, production and purification, structure elucidation, pharmacological action
The polysaccharide (PPB-2) was extracted and purified from the fruiting body of artificially cultivated Phellinus baumii by an acid-chlorite delignification method. The in vitro hypoglycemic and in ...vivo hepatoprotective activities of PPB-2 were investigated. FT-IR spectra, NMR spectral analysis, and scanning electron microscopy were used to investigate the structural characterization of PPB-2. PPB-2 exhibited higher α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibitory activities and showed significant inhibitory effects against the diffusion of glucose. Furthermore, the administration of PPB-2 to mice significantly prevented the increase of serum alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase activities, as well as the increase in total cholesterol, triglycerides, and total bilirubin, and hepatic malondialdehyde levels, and PPB-2 enhanced the activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase, as well as the glutathione levels. The results suggest that PPB-2 may be suitable as a functional food with hypoglycemic and hepatoprotective activities.
•PPB-2 was purified from the artificially cultivated Phellinus baumii.•Characterization and biological activity of PPB-2 were investigated.•PPB-2 exhibited obviously hypoglycemic activities in vitro.•PPB-2 possessed potentially hepatoprotective activities in vivo.
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