Dual‐ion batteries (DIBs) are a viable option for large‐scale energy storage owing to their high energy density, low cost, and environmental friendliness. However, interfacial instability at both the ...cathode and anode in Li‐graphite DIBs (LG‐DIBs) contributes to poor cycling performance and failed energy storage, severely limiting their application potentials. Herein, a two‐pronged strategy is used to improve the interfacial stability, synergistically stabilizing the graphite cathode by applying a rigid/inert surface coating while building a 3D framework on the lithium anode. The resultant LG‐DIBs are ultrastable and achieve a long cycle life (capacity retention of 80% after 2700 cycles at 200 mA−1) in the all‐climate temperature range from −25 to 40 °C. Ex situ characterization reveals that the cathode–electrolyte interphase on graphite is stabilized by suppressing the electrolyte decomposition and reducing graphite exfoliation. Simultaneously, the framework constructed on the lithium anode induces uniform and dendrite‐free Li deposition owing to its 3D structure. This study not only contributes to the development of practical LG‐DIBs but also points out a promising research direction for other new types of batteries.
A two‐pronged approach is adopted to modify and strengthen the anode electrolyte interphase and cathode electrolyte interphase synergistically in Li‐graphite dual‐ion batteries. The battery life is significantly enhanced in all climates from −25 to 40 °C by inducing homogeneous Li deposition and suppressing successive decomposition of the electrolyte on the graphite cathode.
As a promising candidate for future batteries, the lithium–sulfur battery is gaining increasing interest due to its high capacity and energy density. However, over the years, lithium–sulfur batteries ...have been plagued by fading capacities and the low Coulombic efficiency derived from its unique electrochemical behavior, which involves solid–liquid transition reactions. Moreover, lithium–sulfur batteries employ metallic lithium as the anode, which engenders safety vulnerability of the battery. The electrodes play a pivotal role in the performance of lithium–sulfur batteries. A leap forward in progress of lithium–sulfur batteries is always accompanied by a revolution in the electrode technology. In this review, recent progress in rechargeable lithium–sulfur batteries is summarized in accordance with the evolution of the electrodes, including the diversified cathode design and burgeoning metallic‐lithium‐free anodes. Although the way toward application has still many challenges associated, recent progress in lithium–sulfur battery technology still paints an encouraging picture of a revolution in rechargeable batteries.
On the list of cutting‐edge batteries for future power systems, the lithium–sulfur battery is a promising candidate applicable in electrical vehicles and portable devices. In this review, recent progress in lithium–sulfur battery is outlined regarding the evolution of the electrodes, considering the various cathodes to modified anodes, and presenting exciting prospects for future development.
Plants are colonized by various microorganisms in natural environments. While many studies have demonstrated key roles of the rhizosphere microbiota in regulating biological processes such as ...nutrient acquisition and resistance against abiotic and biotic challenges, less is known about the role of the phyllosphere microbiota and how it is established and maintained. This review provides an update on current understanding of phyllosphere community assembly and the mechanisms by which plants and microbes establish the phyllosphere microbiota for plant health.
The rhizosphere microbiota plays important roles in regulating biological processes of plants, but less is known about the phyllosphere microbiota. This review provides an update on our current understanding of how plant, microbial, and environmental processes regulate phyllosphere community assembly and functions.
Covalent organic frameworks (COF) possess a robust and porous crystalline structure, making them an appealing candidate for energy storage. Herein, we report an exfoliated polyimide COF composite ...(P‐COF@SWCNT) prepared by an in situ condensation of anhydride and amine on the single‐walled carbon nanotubes as advanced anode for potassium‐ion batteries (PIBs). Numerous active sites exposed on the exfoliated frameworks and the various open pathways promote the highly efficient ion diffusion in the P‐COF@SWCNT while preventing irreversible dissolution in the electrolyte. During the charging/discharging process, K+ is engaged in the carbonyls of imide group and naphthalene rings through the enolization and π‐K+ effect, which is demonstrated by the DFT calculation and XPS, ex‐situ FTIR, Raman. As a result, the prepared P‐COF@SWCNT anode enables an incredibly high reversible specific capacity of 438 mA h g−1 at 0.05 A g−1 and extended stability. The structural advantage of P‐COF@SWCNT enables more insights into the design and versatility of COF as an electrode.
We prepare a polyimide covalent organic framework composite anode by effective in‐situ condensation of anhydride and amine on the surface of single‐walled carbon nanotubes. The construction of the conductive network accelerates the transport of electron. Dual electroactive sites in the framework, carbonyls and aromatic naphthalene rings, could store more potassium ions by the enolization and π‐K+ effect.
The plant hormone jasmonate (JA) promotes the degradation of JASMONATE ZIM-DOMAIN (JAZ) proteins to relieve repression on diverse transcription factors (TFs) that execute JA responses. However, ...little is known about how combinatorial complexity among JAZ–TF interactions maintains control over myriad aspects of growth, development, reproduction, and immunity.
We used loss-of-function mutations to define epistatic interactions within the core JA signaling pathway and to investigate the contribution of MYC TFs to JA responses in Arabidopsis thaliana.
Constitutive JA signaling in a jaz quintuple mutant (jazQ) was largely eliminated by mutations that block JA synthesis or perception. Comparison of jazQ and a jazQ myc2 myc3 myc4 octuple mutant validated known functions of MYC2/3/4 in root growth, chlorophyll degradation, and susceptibility to the pathogen Pseudomonas syringae. We found that MYC TFs also control both the enhanced resistance of jazQ leaves to insect herbivory and restricted leaf growth of jazQ. Epistatic transcriptional profiles mirrored these phenotypes and further showed that triterpenoid biosynthetic and glucosinolate catabolic genes are up-regulated in jazQ independently of MYC TFs.
Our study highlights the utility of genetic epistasis to unravel the complexities of JAZ–TF interactions and demonstrates that MYC TFs exert master control over a JAZ-repressible transcriptional hierarchy that governs growth–defense balance.
This review presents a comprehensive summary of the recent development in semi-artificial photosynthesis, a biological-material hybrid approach to solar-to-chemical conversion that provides new ...concepts to shape a sustainable future fuelled by solar energy. We begin with a brief introduction to natural and artificial photosynthesis, followed by a discussion of the motivation and rationale behind semi-artificial photosynthesis. Then, we summarise how various enzymes can be combined with synthetic materials for light-driven water oxidation, H
evolution, CO
reduction, and chemical synthesis more broadly. In the following section, we discuss the strategies to incorporate microorganisms in photocatalytic and (photo)electrochemical systems to produce fuels and chemicals with renewable sources. Finally, we outline emerging analytical techniques to study the bio-material hybrid systems and propose unexplored research opportunities in the field of semi-artificial photosynthesis.
Three lanthanide compounds have been synthesized, namely, {Dy
2
(bpda)
3
(H
2
O)
3
4
·2H
2
O}(Dy-1), {Sm(bpda)
2
·(H
2
O)·H
2
O}
n
(Sm-2) and {Tb
2
(bpda)
3
(H
2
O)
3
4
·2H
2
O} (Tb-3) (H
2
bpda = ...2,2′-bipyridine-6,6′-dicarboxylic acid). Their structures were determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction and characterized by elemental analysis, infrared spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis. Dy-1 and Tb-3 are isostructural with a conjugate bimolecular four-nuclear cluster structure constructed with intramolecular hydrogen bonds and they form a 3D supramolecular structure with intermolecular hydrogen bonding. Sm-2 is a one-dimensional chain structure and is further connected by intricate hydrogen bonds into a three-dimensional supramolecular structure. These three compounds exhibit significant characteristic luminescence from the ligand to the central Ln(
iii
) ion, which is found by solid-state photoluminescence measurement. Sm-2 exhibits a long luminescence lifetime and high fluorescence quantum yield. A slow relaxation phenomenon is observed for the dysprosium compound by measuring the alternating-current susceptibility at low temperature and the underlying mechanism was further confirmed by theoretical calculations.
The structures, fluorescence and magnetic properties of series three lanthanide complexes have been investigated. Dysprosium complex exhibit the single-molecule behavior.
Combining immune checkpoint inhibitors with vascular endothelial growth factor/vascular endothelial growth factor receptor inhibitors is effective in treating a number of solid tumors; however, ...evidence in advanced gastric/gastroesophageal junction (G/GEJ) cancer is limited. This retrospective study included consecutive patients who received a programmed cell death protein 1 (PD‐1) inhibitor plus the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 inhibitor apatinib, second‐line or later to treat unresectable advanced or metastatic, histologically proven, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2–negative G/GEJ cancer in a single center between November 1, 2018, and March 31, 2021. Treatment was continued until the disease progressed or the toxicity became intolerable. We examined data from 52 patients. The primary tumor site was the stomach in 29 patients and the GEJ in 23 patients. PD‐1 inhibitors administered included camrelizumab (n = 28), sintilimab (n = 18), pembrolizumab (n = 3), and tislelizumab (n = 1), and all patients were given 200 mg every 3 weeks, and toripalimab (240 mg every 3 weeks) and nivolumab (200 mg every 2 weeks) were given to 1 patient each. For 28 days, apatinib 250 mg was administered orally once a day. The objective response rate was 15.4% (95% confidence interval CI, 6.9‐28.1), and the disease control rate was 61.5% (95%CI, 47.0‐74.7). After 14.8 months of median follow‐up, the median progression‐free survival was 4.2 months (95%CI, 2.6‐4.8), and the overall survival was 9.3 months (95%CI, 7.9‐12.9). Twelve patients underwent grade 3‐4 treatment‐related adverse events (23.1%). There was no unexpected toxicity or death. This trial demonstrated combination therapy with an anti–PD‐1 antibody and apatinib was effective and safe in patients with previously treated unresectable advanced or metastatic G/GEJ cancer.
In the discourse of Lushan Huiyuan 廬山慧遠, the firewood–fire metaphor (xinghuozhiyu 薪火之喻) is employed to illustrate personhood (shen 神), referring to pudgala. Scholars often criticize Huiyuan for ...interpreting personhood as a true “self” (ātman) under the influence of the Vātsīputrīya school, thus contradicting the doctrine of non-self. This paper suggests that this might be a dual misunderstanding of both Huiyuan and the Vātsīputrīya school. Huiyuan’s firewood–fire metaphor is indeed profoundly influenced by the Vātsīputrīyas’ three kinds of designation. Yet, he never commits to the substantial self, and his argument primarily aims to refute the view of annihilationism (duanmie 斷滅), that is, that life ceases to exist after one period ends. This stance fully aligns with the doctrine of non-self that has been central since the inception of Buddhism. Additionally, Huiyuan’s explanation of the indestructibility of personhood (shen bumie 神不滅) is a reluctant proposition; its fundamental purpose does not lie in discussing transmigration, but rather in demonstrating the state of “body and mind both cease” following the cessation of causes and conditions once “transmigration ends”.
The plant immune system is fundamental for plant survival in natural ecosystems and for productivity in crop fields. Substantial evidence supports the prevailing notion that plants possess a ...two-tiered innate immune system, called pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) and effector-triggered immunity (ETI). PTI is triggered by microbial patterns via cell surface-localized pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs), whereas ETI is activated by pathogen effector proteins via predominantly intracellularly localized receptors called nucleotide-binding, leucine-rich repeat receptors (NLRs)
. PTI and ETI are initiated by distinct activation mechanisms and involve different early signalling cascades
. Here we show that Arabidopsis PRR and PRR co-receptor mutants-fls2 efr cerk1 and bak1 bkk1 cerk1 triple mutants-are markedly impaired in ETI responses when challenged with incompatible Pseudomonas syrinage bacteria. We further show that the production of reactive oxygen species by the NADPH oxidase RBOHD is a critical early signalling event connecting PRR- and NLR-mediated immunity, and that the receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase BIK1 is necessary for full activation of RBOHD, gene expression and bacterial resistance during ETI. Moreover, NLR signalling rapidly augments the transcript and/or protein levels of key PTI components. Our study supports a revised model in which potentiation of PTI is an indispensable component of ETI during bacterial infection. This revised model conceptually unites two major immune signalling cascades in plants and mechanistically explains some of the long-observed similarities in downstream defence outputs between PTI and ETI.
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