The objective of this paper is to examine some specific question on the theory of law in international human rights law. International human rights law has played an important role in the evolution ...of International law. There are different ways of approaching and understanding International law, different schools and certain central theoretical questions. This paper tackles theoretical questions within international law in the light of International law of human rights, such as the questions of hierarchy, unity, coherence, structure, time, power, justice and legitimacy. Furthermore, analyse theoretical horizons, like the question evolution/revolution, progression/regression, justiciability, sustainability and efficacity.
Summary Objective The role placed by certain psychological factors such as stress and personality on the development of vocal nodules has not yet been established. The aim of this case-control type ...study is to analyze the relationship between these psychological factors and the presence of vocal nodules while also considering the professional and social aspects of the subjects suffering from this pathology. Methods The case group is made up of 50 patients diagnosed with vocal nodules and with at least 6 months of evolution. The control group is made up of 50 patients diagnosed with nasal respiratory insufficiency. All the patients were examined by laryngeal stroboscopy. For the personality study, the perceived stress, and the voice use, the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2, Levenstein Perceived Stress Questionnaire, and Goldman Voice Use Survey were used, respectively. Results The subjects with vocal nodules presented a mean perceived stress score of 0.41 ± 0.09, which was higher than that of the control group (0.35 ± 0.06), the differences observed being statistically significant ( P < 0.001). In the personality study (MMPI-2), the only scale that was associated with the presence of the vocal nodules was that of psychomotor acceleration. The mean score obtained for the scale was 51.64 ± 8.25 in the vocal nodule group and 45.02 ± 0.06 in the control group ( P < 0.001). In the analysis of voice use, the subjects with vocal nodules scored 9.31 ± 1.36, which was significantly higher than the score of the control group (8.07 ± 1.24; P < 0.001). In addition, other variables were associated with the presence of vocal nodules, such as being young and working in professions considered to be of vocal risk. Conclusions Perceived stress and personality features of hyperactivity and impulsivity are independent factors related to vocal nodules.
Nasal obstruction (NO) is defined as the subjective perception of discomfort or difficulty in the passage of air through the nostrils. It is a common reason for consultation in primary and ...specialized care and may affect up to 30%-40% of the population. It affects quality of life (especially sleep) and lowers work efficiency. The aim of this document is to agree on how to treat NO, establish a methodology for evaluating and diagnosing it, and define an individualized approach to its treatment. NO can be unilateral or bilateral, intermittent or persistent and may be caused by local or systemic factors, which may be anatomical, inflammatory, neurological, hormonal, functional, environmental, or pharmacological in origin. Directed study of the medical history and physical examination are key for diagnosing the specific cause. NO may be evaluated using subjective assessment tools (visual analog scale, symptom score, standardized questionnaires) or by objective estimation (active anterior rhinomanometry, acoustic rhinometry, peak nasal inspiratory flow). Although there is little correlation between the results, they may be considered complementary and not exclusive. Assessing the impact on quality of life through questionnaires standardized according to the underlying disease is also advisable. NO is treated according to its cause. Treatment is fundamentally pharmacological (topical and/or systemic) when the etiology is inflammatory or functional. Surgery may be necessary when medical treatment fails to complement or improve medical treatment or when other therapeutic approaches are not possible. Combinations of surgical techniques and medical treatment may be necessary.
In the first part, the right to decide is analyzed in International and constitucional law. Legality involves analyzing the right to decide in the light of sovereignty, democratic and self ...determination principles. In the second part, right to decide legitimity is tackeld taking into account the causes put forward, the situation in Catalonia, the consensus and constitutional prospects reforms.
En la primera parte se analiza el derecho a decidir en el derecho internacional y constitucional. La legalidad supone analizar su lugar a la luz del principio de soberanía, principio democrático y principio de libre determinación. En la segunda parte se aborda la legitimidad del derecho a decidir, tanto las causas invocadas como la situación en Cataluña, el consenso constitucional y la perspectiva de reforma.
Se hace un análisis del nuevo contexto de las empresas en la protección de los derechos humanos y del medio ambiente que ha llevado a plantear la necesidad de desarrollar progresivamente el derecho ...internacional, europeo y nacional. A tal efecto es necesario superar el estado actual de voluntariead y transitar del soft law al hard law también mediante la elaboración de leyes internacional nacionales. Se abordan el análisis de los modelos de derecho comparado y de los estándares internacionales. Se profundiza en los elementos principales de la debida diligencia del Estado y de las empresas así como en las principales cuestiones que una ley de esta naturaleza plantea
The scientific object of this contribution is an approach to Sustainable Development Goals (SDG)
(and to sustainable developments) from the point of view of international law theory. We address
the ...notion, functions and conception of public international law and the main theories in the context
of SDG, as well as from the perspective of main discussions.
El objeto científico de este artículo es realizar una aproximación a los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible (ODS) (y al desarrollo sostenible) desde el punto de vista de la teoría del derecho internacional. Abordamos la noción, funciones y concepción del derecho internacional público y las principales
teorías en el contexto de los ODS, así como desde la perspectiva de los principales debates.
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