The Thaumastocoris peregrinus spread to eucalyptus plantations in many countries. Chemical control is a questionable measure, mainly due to the environmental impact, high cost and moreover has the ...use restricted by the forest certifications. Bio-insecticides may have similar efficiency to chemical products to control T. peregrinus. The chemical thiamethoxam, thiamethoxam + lambda-cyhalothrin, acephate and the microbial Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae insecticides were tested at different doses to manage T. peregrinus. The products were sprayed on eucalyptus plants using aircraft and populations of this insect were counted before application and at 1, 14 and 21 days afterwards (DAA). Ten eucalyptus trees were evaluated per plot, with the collection of ten leaves from the middle third of the crown of each tree, and the number of T. peregrinus nymphs and adults obtained per leaf was determined. All the chemical insecticides had similar control at 1 DAA for T. peregrinus nymphs and adults. At 14 DAA, the number of T. peregrinus nymphs and adults on eucalyptus leaves was similar for the chemical and microbial insecticide treatments. At 21 DAA the control efficiency of T. peregrinus nymphs and adults was higher than 80% with all insecticides. The entomopathogenic insecticides have potential for aerial application to control T. peregrinus nymphs and adults and provide viable and environmentally-friendly alternative to manage this pest.
Eucalyptus plantation area has been increasing in Brazil, with 29% of the total plantation area being located in Minas Gerais state, which currently is being utilized primarily for charcoal ...production. However, diseases often increase the production costs of Eucalyptus. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the fungus Ceratocystis fimbriata Ellis & Halsted on Eucalyptus wood for charcoal production. The basic density, volume, extractives, lignin, and holocellulose content of the wood were determined, as well as the gravimetric yield, volatile matter, fixed carbon, ash, and gross calorific values of charcoal. The introduction of the fungus C. fimbriata to Eucalyptus decreased the wood production and holocellulose content, but it also increased the wood’s lignin and extractives content. The chemical changes in the wood did not affect the charcoal produced. Volume of wood losses due to C. fimbriata can result in a loss of up to 3478.43 US$/ha.
Efficient strategies to control the bronze bug Thaumastocoris peregrinus Carpintero and Dellapé (Hemiptera: Thaumastocoridae) are unavailable, but Cleruchoides noackae Lin and Huber (Hymenoptera: ...Mymaridae) parasitizes eggs of this pest. The parasitism and number of parasitoids that emerged from the eggs of T. peregrinus were evaluated in the laboratory and from eggs of this pest collected in the field in an area of approximately 2 ha. Collections were done 1 yr after the first release of C. noackae to check for field establishment of this parasitoid in eucalyptus plantations in Minas Gerais State, Brazil. The emergence of C. noackae was 53 and 52% from eggs parasitized in the laboratory and in the field, respectively. This natural enemy was recorded for all sampling points from the field collections, which were up to 10 km from the place it had been released. The C. noackae establishment in the field, and the potential for biological control of T. peregrinus by this parasitoid were confirmed.
Psorocampa denticulata Schaus (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae) is a pest of Eucalyptus species (Myrtales: Myrtaceae) in Brazil. The pre-pupa stage of this species is present in the soil surrounding ...infested trees for up to 6 mo during the dry season and can be collected and stored in large numbers. The potential use of P. denticulata pupae as an alternative host for rearing the parasitoid Palmistichus elaeisis Delvare & LaSalle (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) was tested in the laboratory. Up to 24-h-old P. denticulata pupae (787.40 ± 78.29 mg) were individually exposed to twenty 72-h-old P. elaeisis females for 48 h. These exposed pre-pupae were individually transferred to a glass tube for the emergence either of parasitoid progeny or of the adult lepidopteran. The parasitism and emergence rates of P. elaeisis from P. denticulata pupae were 100 and 90%, respectively. The life cycle (egg to adult) was 22.22 ± 0.49 days, and the number of progeny of this parasitoid was 734.55 ± 54.56 per host. We concluded that this generalist parasitoid could be mass reared on P. denticulata pupae and released as part of an integrated program to manage lepidopteran pests in eucalyptus plantations.
Psorocampa denticulata Zanuncio, Jose Cola; Vinha, Germano Lopes; Ribeiro, Rafael Coelho ...
The Florida entomologist,
09/2015, Letnik:
98, Številka:
3
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Psorocampa denticulata Schaus (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae) is a pest of Eucalyptus species (Myrtales: Myrtaceae) in Brazil. The pre-pupa stage of this species is present in the soil surrounding ...infested trees for up to 6 mo during the dry season and can be collected and stored in large numbers. The potential use of P denticulata pupae as an alternative host for rearing the parasitoid Palmistichus elaeisis Delvare & LaSalle (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) was tested in the laboratory. Up to 24-h-old P denticulata pupae (787.40 + or - 78.29 mg) were individually exposed to twenty 72-h-old P elaeisis females for 48 h. These exposed pre-pupae were individually transferred to a glass tube for the emergence either of parasitoid progeny or of the adult lepidopteran. The parasitism and emergence rates of P elaeisis from P denticulata pupae were 100 and 90%, respectively. The life cycle (egg to adult) was 22.22 + or - 0.49 days, and the number of progeny of this parasitoid was 734.55 + or - 54.56 per host. We concluded that this generalist parasitoid could be mass reared on P denticulata pupae and released as part of an integrated program to manage lepidopteran pests in eucalyptus plantations.
RESUMO O controle sistemático mecanizado com isca formicida em eucaliptais demanda menos mão de obra, menor contaminação dos trabalhadores e maior rendimento operacional, quando comparado com o ...controle manual. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a mortalidade de ninhos de formigas cortadeiras com aplicação sistemática mecanizada de isca formicida em três espaçamentos em eucaliptais em fase de manutenção, a capacidade operacional da aplicação mecanizada e a qualidade de distribuição de isca ao longo da área. O experimento foi realizado no município de Paraopeba, Minas Gerais, em talhões de eucaliptos em fase de manutenção. Foi aplicado 1 kg.ha-1 de isca formicida granulada a base de sulfluramida (0,3%) sistematicamente a cada 6 x 2,5 m, 9 x 2,5 m e 12 x 2,5 m, com um equipamento de aplicação acoplado ao sistema hidráulico de um trator, constituindo três tratamentos com cinco repetições. Foram selecionados e marcados ninhos com tamanho de até um metro quadrado de área de terra e avaliado sua inatividade aos 60 e 210 dias após aplicação da isca formicida. Também foram avaliadas a percentagem de carregamento da isca, a capacidade operacional da operação mecanizada e a qualidade do processo de distribuição da isca, por meio de cartas de controle. Verificou-se que os diferentes espaçamentos empregados não influenciaram a eficácia de controle. O maior espaçamento empregado proporcionou maior capacidade operacional (8,42 ha.h-1). A aplicação sistemática mecanizada proporcionou boa qualidade de distribuição, sob ponto de vista do controle estatístico de processo, constituindo alternativa viável a aplicação manual.
ABSTRACT Compared to manual control, systematic control WITH ant bait requires less labor, results in lower exposure of workers and increases operating YIELD. This study aimed to evaluate the mortality of leaf-cutting ants nests with a mechanized systematic application of ant bait in three spacings on eucalyptus plantations in maintenance phase, the operational capability of mechanized application and the quality of the distribution of bait throughout the area. The experiment was conducted in the city of Paropeba, Minas Gerais, Brazil, in stands of eucalyptus plantations in maintenance phase. A sulfluramid (0.3%) based bait was systematically applied at 1 kg.ha-1 every 6 x 2.5 9 x 2.5 and 12 x 2.5 meters, with an application equipment attached to the hydraulic system of a tractor, comprising three treatments with five repetitions. Nests with a size of up to one square meter of land area were selected and marked and evaluated their inactivity at 60 and 210 days after bait application. The percentage of bait loading, the operational capability of the mechanized process and the quality of the distribution process of the bait were also evaluated, using control charts. It was found that the different spacings applied did not influence the effectiveness of control. The largest spacing used provided greater operational capacity (8.42 ha.h-1). The mechanized systematic application provided good distribution as to the process' statistical control, being a viable alternative to manual application.
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As plantações de eucalipto no Brasil vêm crescendo significativamente ao longo dos anos. Minas Gerais tem 29% da área plantada e esta madeira é destinada quase exclusivamente ao pólo siderúrgico na produção de ferro gusa a partir do carvão vegetal. Portanto, o crescimento da área plantada aliada as condições climáticas, propicia o aparecimento e multiplicação de pragas e doenças. Uma das doenças que vem se tornando de importância econômica é a murcha de Ceratocystis, causada pelo fungo Ceratocystis fimbriata, que é um patógeno típico de xilema secundário. Esta doença foi monitorada no período de 2005 a 2011, em 3 municípios de Minas Gerais, com os dados de incidência da doença no campo foi feito o estudo epidemiológico no espaço e no tempo. A evolução da doença no tempo foi melhor explicada pelo modelo monomolecular, com um coeficiente de regressão superior a 90%. A distribuição da doença ocorre de forma agregada e na linha, podendo-se inferir que as mudas foram levadas contaminadas para o campo, e isto pode ter ocorrido no processo de propagação clonal. Analisando os dados climáticos do banco de dados do WORLDCLIM e o software DIVA-GIS, gerou-se um mapa de favorabilidade da doença para o estado de Minas Gerais, concluindo que as áreas dos municípios estudados são de alta favorabilidade à doença, portanto, o uso de material genético resistente é imprescindível para garantir a produtividade das plantações florestais. Foi analisada a interferência da doença na quantidade e qualidade da madeira e do carvão vegetal, concluindo que este fungo ocasiona perdas significativas de em média R$ 7.000/ha na cadeia produtiva do carvão vegetal
Eucalyptus plantations in Brazil have been growing significantly over the years. Minas Gerais has 29% of the planted area, and this wood is destined almost exclusively to the steel pole in the production of pig iron from charcoal. Therefore, the growth of the planted area combined with the climatic conditions, allows the emergence and proliferation of pests and diseases. A disease that is becoming economically important is the Ceratocystis wilt, caused by the fungus Ceratocystis fimbriata, a pathogen that is typical of xylem. This disease was monitored in the period of 2005 to 2011 in three towns in Minas Gerais, having an epidemiological study in space and time been done with the data on incidence of the disease in the field. Disease progression in time is best explained by the monomolecular model with a regression coefficient greater than 90%. As the spread of the disease occurs in the aggregate and on the line (in an aggregated and linear way), it can be inferred that the seedlings were taken to the field already contaminated, and this may have occurred in the process of clonal propagation. Analysing climatic data from the database and software WORLDCLIM DIVA-GIS, a map of favorability was generated about the disease in the state of Minas Gerais, concluding that the areas of the cities studied are highly favorable to the disease, therefore, the use of resistant material is essential to ensure the productivity of forest plantations. We analyzed the influence of the disease in the quantity and quality of wood and charcoal production, concluding that this fungus causes significant losses in average US$ 2.800,00 in this chain
Hylesia spp. (Saturniidae), important moths for public health due to urticating bristles of their larvae and/or adults, are collected in different habitats with potential to defoliate plants in ...agriculture and forest systems. Biological and morphological characteristics of Hylesia paulex (Dognin, 1922) (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) fed with Eucalyptus urophylla (Myrtaceae) were studied in the laboratory. Recently-emerged caterpillars of this species were separated in 10 plastic pots (500ml) with 30 of them per pot, and fed daily with fresh leaves of E. urophylla until they reached adult stage. The egg incubation period of H. paulex was 32.00 plus or minus 1.19 days with 65.32 plus or minus 14.52% viability, and the duration of the larval stage reached 67.83 plus or minus 0.84 days, with seven instars. The gregarious behavior is important to maintain a high survival rate during this stage for H. paulex. The pre-pupa and pupa stages of this insect lasted 3.87 plus or minus 0.16 and 21.67 plus or minus 0.79 days, respectively. The longevity of females of this species was longer (4.50 plus or minus 0.54 days) than that of males (2.80 plus or minus 0.44 days). The mean number of eggs per egg mass was 132.3. Moths of H. paulex completed its life cycle, satisfactorily, with leaves of E. urophylla in the laboratory.Original Abstract: Hylesia spp. (Saturnidae), una polilla importante en salud publica debido a las cerdas urticantes de las larvas y/o de los adultos, son recolectadas en diferentes ambientes con potencial de desfoliacion de plantas tanto en agricultura como en sistemas forestales. Caracteristicas biologicas y morfologicas de Hylesia paulex (Dognin, 1922) (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) alimentados con Eucalyptus urophylla fueron estudiados en laboratorio. Larvas recien emergidas de esa especie fueron separadas en vasos plasticos (500 ml) con 30 individuos por vaso y alimentados diariamente con hojas frescas de E. urophylla hasta alcanzar el estado adulto. El periodo de incubation de los huevos de H. paulex fue de 32 plus or minus 1,19 dias con un 65,32 plus or minus 14,52% de viabilidad y duracion del estado larval de 67,83 plus or minus 0,84 dias, con siete instares. El comportamiento gregario es importante para mantener una alta tasa de supervivencia durante estos estados en H. paulex. Los estados de pre-pupa y pupa del insecto duraron 3,87 plus or minus 0,16 y 21,67 plus or minus 0,79 dias, respectivamente. La longevidad de las hembras de la especie fue de 4,50 plus or minus 0,54 dias y para machos de 2,80 plus or minus 0,44 dias. El numero medio de huevos por masa de huevos fue de 132,3. La polilla H. paulex completa su ciclo de vida, satisfactoriamente, con hojas de E. urophylla en laboratorio.
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