Hosting the Olympics has long been claimed to bring a financial return on investment. When this cannot clearly demonstrated, the medal surplus associated with host status is usually highlighted. We ...investigate the magnitude of having a home advantage at the recent Summer Olympic Games (1996-2021) separately for each organising country and by gender. Beside the host effect, the ex-ante and post impact on the medal surplus is also investigated in the same way. We analyse this effect using three models at the level of total medals, and medals won by men, and by women. Because of the number of zero observation in the response variable, we employ a zero-inflated negative binomial estimator. Our results cast some doubt on the claim of a host effect of the Olympics: when we control for socioeconomic variables in the models, the host effect fades away. Any host effect is clearer for medals won by men. Ex-ante and post effects on host countries are detectable in some cases but also fade with the inclusion of control variables. Based on our results, the medal surplus associated with the hosting of the Olympics is less evident than reported in literature or public discourse.
The agricultural and rural development policy seeks to facilitate the transition towards environmentally sustainable and climate-neutral agricultural practices, with a focus on human capital, ...knowledge, and innovation. Gender equality can play a significant role in promoting environmentally sustainable practices in the agricultural sector, particularly through the adoption and implementation of agri-environment-climate schemes (AECS) in the context of farm, agricultural, and rural development. We examine the presence of gender bias in the adoption intensity of AECS by utilising farm-level data from Slovenia. We find that women on Slovenian farms engage in the adoption of AECS and receive subsidies, despite the presence of a gender gap in various agricultural factor endowment variables that typically favour men. The results of this study provide evidence in favour of promoting greater involvement and empowerment of women in the fields of green technology applications and green entrepreneurship, particularly with AECS practices.
This paper investigates the impact of Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) subsidies on farm employment in Hungary and Slovenia. Econometric models were estimated separately for total farm labor, family ...labor, and hired labor. We find that total subsidies and, within these, Pillar I subsidies, have positive effect on farm employment of paid labor in Hungary and family labor in Slovenia. Irrespective of the country and type of employment, farm employment is significantly positively associated with farm size. Mixed results are found for Pillar II and investment subsidies. Rural development measures with agri-environmental and less favored area subsidies, and investment subsidies are particularly important for the family farm labor in Slovenia, but not for the paid labor, neither the family farm labor in Hungary. The impact of control regional labor market variables is mixed between the employment of family farm and paid labor within and between the analyzed countries. A strong link between main type of farm employment, different types of CAP subsidies and farm size suggests on the importance of CAP subsidies for maintaining of farm employment and job creation for young and unemployed, and land use policy. This might explain farmers political demand for status quo with only minor CAP subsidy changes, with raising society awareness on monitoring of effective and efficient use of subsidies.
•Distinguish different types of policy instruments on different types of farm labor.•Different types of subsidies diversify farm employment and land use.•Pillar I subsidies are positively linked to prevailing type of farm employment.•Farm size increases different types of farm employment.•The level of different types of farm employment may promote land use.
The aim of this article is to examine the factors that determine the durability of Olympic success at seven consecutive Summer Games between 1996 and 2021, employing survival analysis. It is assumed ...that factors similar to those that influence the durability of Olympic success also influence the likelihood of winning Olympic medals. We examine the durability of Olympic success at the level of sports for all medals, and for each type of medal. Our results suggest that a country can maintain its performance in a sport for an average of 2.1 Olympic Games. The Kaplan-Meier survival function shows that about 85% of spells fail after a single Games The GDP, host country, Communist past, the number of medals in a sport and the duration of preceding medal winning period are associated with successive medal-winning. Population size and the number of previous discontinuous medal wins decrease duration of Olympic success.
Growth in the craft beer sector has been unevenly distributed over time and in terms of geographical area. While the spatial drivers of craft breweries in the United States are well documented, ...research on the situation in European countries is still limited. This paper investigates the locational determinants of the Hungarian craft brewing industry between 2005 and 2018 at the level of small regions. We employ negative binominal models to determine the relationship between the number of microbreweries and locational factors. We find that demand-side factors, including income, level of education, proportion of youth in a region and population density, positively affect the number of craft breweries. We emphasize that general local economic characteristics may be less important, whilst industry-specific local conditions (e.g., craft brewing traditions and market saturation) significantly impact the location choice of craft breweries. Our estimations highlight the role of transport costs in location decisions. Finally, we demonstrate the relevance of the availability of water, one of most important inputs in beer production.
We investigate relative productivity levels and decompose productivity change for European agriculture between 2004 and 2013. Specifically (i) we contribute to the debate on whether agricultural ...Total Factor Productivity (TFP) has declined or not in the European Union (EU); (ii) we compare the relative TFP level across EU Member States and investigate the difference between ‘old’ Member States (OMS, i.e. the EU‐15) and ‘new’ Member States (NMS); and (iii) we test whether TFP is converging or not among Member States. The empirical analysis applies an aggregate quantity framework to country‐level panel data from the Economic Accounts for Agriculture for 23 EU Member States. The results imply that TFP has slightly decreased in the EU over the analysed period; however there are significant differences between the OMS and NMS and across Member States. Finally, our estimates suggest that productivity is generally converging over this period, albeit slowly.
One of the most important features in the international trade over the recent decades has been the increased fragmentation of the production process. This has been facilitated, in part, by the ...development and maturation of global value chains (GVCs).The improved availability of value-added trade data allows us to identify more clearly what fragment in the production chain is internationally competitive in a particular country. The paper examines global agri-food export performance in the light of these changes with special emphasis on the impacts of economic crisis using the concept of normalised revealed comparative advantage (NRCA) in terms of both gross exports and value-added for 61 countries over period 1995 and 2011. Systematically comparing these distributions reveals significant differences for NRCA based on gross exports versus value-added data.
The paper analyses agglomeration effects and spatial externalities in the Hungarian hog sector between 2000 and 2010. We apply a spatial lag-spatial error regression model to capture horizontal and ...vertical spillover effects and to understand the environmental restrictions that determine the location of pork production at the municipality level. Due to the dual nature of the structure of the Hungarian pork industry, we investigate agglomeration effects for individual and corporate farms separately. Results indicate that pork production by these farm groups is affected by different factors in different ways. We distinguish two different 'worlds' within the Hungarian pork industry. The 'introvert world' of individual farms is very sensitive to agglomeration effects and spatial externalities. The 'extrovert world' of corporate farms is more resistant to agglomeration economies and spatial externalities.
•The impact of initial economic development on forest transition is analyzed.•The study covers the period 1990–2015.•A Forest Recovery Index is proposed.•The potentially different levels of ...biodiversity of differently managed forests are appraised.•Results imply the existence of an N-shaped curve in the context of forest recovery.
Compared to the solid understanding of the role of deforestation drivers, related knowledge about transitions in global forests is less developed, although numerous nations and sub-national regions are experiencing ongoing forest recovery. In this paper, the focus is on countries in which forest cover increased between 1990 and 2015. We analyze whether a level of initial economic development can be identified that might explain this positive trend. By combining qualitative and quantitative techniques (ecological modelling and an expert survey), a Forest Recovery Index is introduced that accounts for the fact that dissimilar forest management regimes have different impacts on biodiversity and ecosystem services. The link between the Forest Recovery Index and the 1990 level of GDP per capita is analyzed with instrumental variable regression. The results of our integrated ecological-economic models support the existence of an N-shaped curve in the context of forest recovery, implying that the quality and quantity of new forests in middle-income countries has increased to the least extent. In other words, although the outcomes suggest optimism in the long term, caution is needed as the first turning point (a decrease in forest recovery), unlike the second, may fairly easy to be reached. In spite of overall increases in the extent of forests, negative trends – rearrangements that favor less valuable types of forest – appear to be persistent. While transitions are important in terms of the need to sequester carbon, governments should (in line with the Aichi Targets) place greater emphasis on forest biodiversity during transition management to ensure the provision of a wider array of ecosystem services.
One of the main aims of the EU's common agricultural policy (CAP) is to promote the development of rural areas. Although there is a rich abundance of academic literature on the impacts of the CAP on ...rural areas, there has yet to be a comprehensive overview on the effects. The paper aims to fill this gap by providing a systematic literature review on the impacts of the CAP on the socioeconomic situation in EU's rural areas. A two-stage search procedure to identify the relevant literature is employed. Only 59 publications that estimated the socioeconomic impacts of the CAP were found. The main findings are the following: the reviewed studies have found CAP to have no significant impacts on rural development as an abstract concept and the rural population; positive but negligible effects on economic output, the generational change in farming and gender equality; a positive effect on employment; and limited or inconclusive evidence about the impact on economic diversification, regional cohesion and civil participation.
•Employment is by far the most researched and persistent socioeconomic topic.•Policy changes have had no evident impacts on the investigated topics.•All topics tend to be evaluated in the context of certain political instruments.•Impact is positive for economy and employment but not for rural development.•Effects and effectiveness of the policy are dependent on local conditions.
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