The morphogenesis of blood cell lineages in channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus, from head and trunk kidney and spleen imprints as well as from blood smears of bled and control fish, showed that ...early maturation stages resembled those in higher vertebrates. The erythroid lineage consisted of the proerythroblast, erythroblasts (basophilic, polychromatic, orthochromic), young erythrocyte and erythrocyte. The rare bilobed erythrocyte seemed to be a cell in apoptosis while old erythrocytes and erythroplastids represented remnants of this process. Maturation stages of neutrophils and basophils encompassed the granuloblast, young progranulocyte, progranulocyte and metagranulocyte. The basophilic lineage was regularly present in kidneys, rare in spleen and absent from blood. It contained large Sudan Black and PAS‐negative, water soluble granules and small PAS‐positive ones. Lymphocytes with azurophilic granulation occured regularly in kidneys and spleen. Monoblasts and promonocytes in kidneys preceded monocytes. A phagocytic lineage devouring apoptotic blood cell remnants was present in kidneys and spleen. Its youngest identified stage (promacrophage) resembled more a granuloid cell without granules than a monocytoid one. The larger, young macrophages contained a few to several ingestions and the very large mature macrophages were loaded with them. The latter two stages corresponded to cells in melano‐macrophage centres (macrophage aggregates). Precursor stages of the thrombocyte were not identified.
Spring viremia of carp (SVC) AHNE, W; BJORKLUND, H. V; ESSBAUER, S ...
Diseases of aquatic organisms,
12/2002, Letnik:
52, Številka:
3
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Spring viremia of carp (SVC) is an important disease affecting cyprinids, mainly common carp Cyprinus carpio. The disease is widespread in European carp culture, where it causes significant morbidity ...and mortality. Designated a notifiable disease by the Office International des Epizooties, SVC is caused by a rhabdovirus, spring viremia of carp virus (SVCV). Affected fish show destruction of tissues in the kidney, spleen and liver, leading to hemorrhage, loss of water-salt balance and impairment of immune response. High mortality occurs at water temperatures of 10 to 17 degrees C, typically in spring. At higher temperatures, infected carp develop humoral antibodies that can neutralize the spread of virus and such carp are protected against re-infection by solid immunity. The virus is shed mostly with the feces and urine of clinically infected fish and by carriers. Waterborne transmission is believed to be the primary route of infection, but bloodsucking parasites like leeches and the carp louse may serve as mechanical vectors of SVCV. The genome of SVCV is composed of a single molecule of linear, negative-sense, single-stranded RNA containing 5 genes in the order 3'-NPMGL-5' coding for the viral nucleoprotein, phosphoprotein, matrix protein, glycoprotein, and polymerase, respectively. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the viral proteins, and sequence homologies between the genes and gene junctions of SVCV and vesicular stomatitis viruses, have led to the placement of the virus as a tentative member of the genus Vesiculovirus in the family Rhabdoviridae. These methods also revealed that SVCV is not related to fish rhabdoviruses of the genus Novirhabdovirus. In vitro replication of SVCV takes place in the cytoplasm of cultured cells of fish, bird and mammalian origin at temperatures of 4 to 31 degrees C, with an optimum of about 20 degrees C. Spring viremia of carp can be diagnosed by clinical signs, isolation of virus in cell culture and molecular methods. Antibodies directed against SVCV react with the homologous virus in serum neutralization, immunofluorescence, immunoperoxidase, or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, but they cross-react to various degrees with the pike fry rhabdovirus (PFR), suggesting the 2 viruses are closely related. However, SVCV and PFR can be distinguished by certain serological tests and molecular methods such as the ribonuclease protection assay.
Differential cell counts showed that the head and trunk kidney of control and bled channel catfishIctalurus punctatus had myeloid characteristics. They contained lymphoid and granuloid cells, ...thrombocytes, erythroid and agranular cells in decreasing order of abundance (%). Among the blast and precursor cells, the most numerous erythroid ones were followed by granuloid, lymphoid and agranular ones. The main changes after blood withdrawal were the decrease of thrombocytes and the increase of precursor cells in both kidney parts. In the group examined 7 days after bleeding the head kidney had a higher percentage of erythroid cells and lymphocyte precursors than the trunk kidney while the latter had more granuloid cells and their precursors. Basophils were present (c. 1%) in both regions of the kidney of all groups. The spleen was predominantly a lymphatic organ. It containedc . 80% lymphoid cells, a higher incidence of granulated lymphocytes than in kidneys, 15% thrombocytes and 1.4% agranular cells. Blood withdrawal caused an increase of thrombocytes, a decrease of lymphoid cells and an increase of erythroid precursors in the spleen. The last probably stemmed from the circulation. While haematocrit values failed to indicate the anaemic state in the bled groups, the differential red blood cell count showed dramatic differences between the control and bled groups as well as between the two groups in different stages of recuperation from the blood loss. Copyright 2002 The Fisheries Society of the British Isles. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved
Differential cell counts showed that the head and trunk kidney of control and bled channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus had myeloid characteristics. They contained lymphoid and granuloid cells, ...thrombocytes, erythroid and agranular cells in decreasing order of abundance (%). Among the blast and precursor cells, the most numerous erythroid ones were followed by granuloid, lymphoid and agranular ones. The main changes after blood withdrawal were the decrease of thrombocytes and the increase of precursor cells in both kidney parts. In the group examined 7 days after bleeding the head kidney had a higher percentage of erythroid cells and lymphocyte precursors than the trunk kidney while the latter had more granuloid cells and their precursors. Basophils were present (c. 1%) in both regions of the kidney of all groups. The spleen was predominantly a lymphatic organ. It contained c. 80% lymphoid cells, a higher incidence of granulated lymphocytes than in kidneys, 15% thrombocytes and 1.4% agranular cells. Blood withdrawal caused an increase of thrombocytes, a decrease of lymphoid cells and an increase of erythroid precursors in the spleen. The last probably stemmed from the circulation. While haematocrit values failed to indicate the anaemic state in the bled groups, the differential red blood cell count showed dramatic differences between the control and bled groups as well as between the two groups in different stages of recuperation from the blood loss.
The morphogenesis of blood cell lineages in channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus, from head and trunk kidney and spleen imprints as well as from blood smears of bled and control fish, showed that ...early maturation stages resembled those in higher vertebrates. The erythroid lineage consisted of the proerythroblast, erythroblasts (basophilic, polychromatic, orthochromic), young erythrocyte and erythrocyte. The rare bilobed erythrocyte seemed to be a cell in apoptosis while old erythrocytes and erythroplastids represented remnants of this process. Maturation stages of neutrophils and basophils encompassed the granuloblast, young progranulocyte, progranulocyte and metagranulocyte. The basophilic lineage was regularly present in kidneys, rare in spleen and absent from blood. It contained large Sudan Black and PAS-negative, water soluble granules and small PAS-positive ones. Lymphocytes with azurophilic granulation occurred regularly in kidneys and spleen. Monoblasts and promonocytes in kidneys preceded monocytes. A phagocytic lineage devouring apoptotic blood cell remnants was present in kidneys and spleen. Its youngest identified stage (promacrophage) resembled more a granuloid cell without granules than a monocytoid one. The larger, young macrophages contained a few to several ingestions and the very large mature macrophages were loaded with them. The latter two stages corresponded to cells in melano-macrophage centres (macrophage aggregates). Precursor stages of the thrombocyte were not identified.Copyright 2002 The Fisheries Society of the British Isles. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved .
Haematological and biochemical analyses of blood were performed in carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) kept in small ponds. Caught and anaesthetised carp were clinically examined and blood samples were taken ...at regular intervals during the three years. In the first year of examinations, the haemoglobin and haematocrit values of carp fry significantly increased (P<0.01) from June to September. The intensive growth of carp in the summer period in the second year was accompanied by adequate erythropoiesis. During hibernation haematocrit and haemoglobin significantly decreased (P<0.05) and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) increased (P<0.01) in both scaly and mirror carp. MCHC increased also with the age and increasing body weight of the fish. Mirror carp had lower haematocrit and haemoglobin values than scaly carp (P<0.01). Comparative haematological analyses between carp of normal and poor body condition showed that moderate anaemia appeared in those with poor body condition. The results indicate that there is marked seasonal and age-dependent variation in the values of haematocrit and haemoglobin. Pond water quality investigations indicated good environmental conditions. A 50% increase (P<0.05) of glucose concentration was found from June to September in the blood plasma of carp in the third year, accompanied by an even more increased (80%; P<0.01) concentration of total lipids. At the same time, considerable changes of cholesterol and total protein concentrations were not observed. The results suggest that the investigated haematological and biochemical variables could be successfully utilised in monitoring the metabolic balance and health status of fish in intensive culture.
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