Introduction. Angiosarcomas (ASs) arising from vascular tissue, account for 3.3% of all sarcomas and have a poor prognosis. Radiation-induced AS is a rare late complication of radiotherapy (RT) ...treatment and is characterized by a gene expression profile such as amplification of the MYC oncogene, by which we can distinguish primary from secondary induced tumor. Case report. For a 77-year-old female patient with early-stage endometrial adenocarcinoma, a radical hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy was initially done. According to pathological risk factors, the postoperative external beam conformal RT (CRT) of the pelvis was administered with concomitant brachytherapy. Six years after the treatment, on the anterior abdominal wall, in the region of the postoperative irradiation field and surgical scar, an infiltrative AS of the skin and subcutaneous adipose tissue was histologically confirmed. The patient received six cycles of mono-adriamycin chemotherapy with verified partial regression. Additional immunohistochemical analysis (IHC) of c-MYC, Ki67, and CD34 expression showed a high proliferative index (Ki67 around 60%) and c-MYC positivity indicating the molecular pattern of radiation-induced AS. Furthermore, the high proliferative index could explain the positive response to chemotherapy. Conclusion. The novel postoperative RT techniques provide better survival and local control in risk-endometrial cancer groups with a decrease in irradiation complications. These patients with longer survival are at a higher risk of developing radiation-induced tumors as late side-effects of RT. When assessing the probability of radiation-induced AS, IHC analysis of c-MYC expression could distinguish secondary from other AS if Cahan?s criteria are fulfilled.
Accounting frauds, malfeasance, and financial crime are becoming a growingly serious problem. Incorrect financial reports show a false picture of income and financial position of a company. Decisions ...made by investors and other beneficiaries of financial reports based on false financial information cause immense damage not just to the users of information, but general public as well. Therefore, there is a clear interest of the whole financial public sector that the information presented in financial reports genuinely represents the financial position of a company. Numerous financial frauds from the past and the beginning of this century have seriously disturbed trust of a large number of users of financial information contained in financial reports. In accounting there have always been frauds followed by financial collapses, and lately there have been more frequent frauds and with more serious consequences for us all. Research results on financial frauds show that they can be different, depending on the region, fraud pattern, characteristics of perpetrators and victims who suffer the damage, but the essence remains very similar. The biggest frauds by users of financial reports and investors have been performed by presenting false, i.e. forged financial reports.
Ewing sarcoma (ES) is the second most common primary bone malignancy after osteosarcoma. The disease most often occurs in adolescence, with peak incidence around the age of fourteen. The most common ...primary location of the tumor is the bones of the pelvis, followed by the ribs, spine and long bones of the extremities such as the tibia and the fibula. ES shows a tendency towards hematogenous dissemination, primarily in the lungs and bones, much less often lymphogenously. One third of patients have distant metastases present at initial diagnosis, which is why ES is considered a systemic disease. The treatment of Ewing sarcoma is based on a multimodal approach that includes the use of chemotherapy, surgery and/or radiotherapy. The identification of prognostic parameters enabled the individual treatment of patients based on the assessed risk group. With the application of modern therapeutic protocols, five-year survival for patients with localized disease lies between 60% and 68%, while for patients with metastatic disease, five-year survival is still unsatisfactory and is around 17%. ES belongs to the group of radiosensitive tumors, and radiotherapy plays a very important role in the local control of the disease, in combination with surgical treatment or independently, and can be applied as radical, preoperative or postoperative radiation therapy. Also, radiation therapy has a role in the palliative approach to the treatment of lung metastases and other metastatic sites. Considering that the modern multimodal treatment of Ewing sarcoma leads to long-term survival, it is necessary to take into account the expected side effects of the therapy that can reduce the quality of life of treated patients. Modern radiotherapy techniques such as three-dimensional conformal radiation therapy (3D CRT), intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT), volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) enable precise delivery of the prescribed dose of radiation to target volumes with better sparing of surrounding normal tissues and organs, which leads to a lower incidence of late sequelae of radiation therapy and enables the preservation of the quality of life of treated patients.
Pediatric Hodgkin lymphoma is a malignant, lymphoproliferative disease of children and adolescents. Radiotherapy is an important form of treatment. The possibility of late toxicity of radiotherapy is ...a limiting factor in the application of radiotherapy as a treatment modality in pediatric patients. The technological progress of radiotherapy and the introduction of advanced radiotherapy techniques and proton therapy have improved the precision of radiotherapy and reduced the risk of long-term consequences. These technologies enabled targeted treatment, significantly reducing the exposure of healthy tissues and organs to radiation. All existing treatment recommendations and conducted cooperative studies have shown that radiation therapy is effective in the treatment of pediatric Hodgkin lymphoma, especially when combined with chemotherapy. On the other hand, there is the possibility of late toxicity to organs in growth and development, as well as the possibility of occurrence of secondary malignancies, which must be carefully considered when deciding on the implementation of radiotherapy. Radiation therapy represents an important therapeutic approach in the combined treatment of pediatric Hodgkin lymphoma. The combined therapeutic approach has improved treatment results, and advanced radiotherapy techniques will reduce the risk of side effects. Indications for the use of radiotherapy should be carefully evaluated in the treatment of pediatric patients with Hodgkin lymphoma.
The following problem has been solved in this dissertation: To design a feedforward controller for a given linear discrete (discretized) system, to track a given trajectory with bounded ...overshoot-undershoot, no residual vibrations, zero steady state error while optimizing chosen criteria. This is to be done in the presence of input and state constraints. The capability of a feedforward controller to deal with these requirements will be demonstrated. This in turn eliminates the need for related compromises through a feedback design. The following general problem gives the framework of this dissertation: linear system control design for reference tracking, with the predefined performance requirements. The problem formulation includes definitions of applied performance measures: overshoot, undershoot, residual vibrations, steady state error and optimization criteria The controller structure consists of two blocks--"parameters": feedback and feedforward. All design methods are based on a problem presented in the form of linear inequalities (mathematical programming). The existence of solutions has been proven. Applications of the design as well as comparison to the existing technologies are illustrated in several examples.
This research introduces a new design procedure for a feedback control architecture. We focused on the problem of the desired trajectory tracking for Linear Time Invariant (LTI) systems in the ...presence of various kinds of disturbances: input, measurement, parameter uncertainty. This system shows better tracking performance than full state feedback or PID control. Increase in computational complexity is due to the fact that we are going to use "the time series prediction scheme", and this the system to be introduced will have reduced complexity in comparison with: predictive Control, MSE prediction. ?Besides these, our goal is to develop a system that will exploit opportunities given by modern computational advances and create a structure that will eventually embrace more sophisticated features. Nested feedback loops were derived from the multiresolutional representation of control variables and hierarchical prediction of the next sample error vector. This method leads to a simple design process and demonstrates the advantages over other approaches.
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