People with uncontrolled diabetes are at greater risk for several oral health problems, particularly periodontal (gum) disease. Periodontal disease also impacts diabetes control. Good oral hygiene ...and regular dental visits are recommended to prevent and manage oral health problems. Several studies have been conducted to assess the oral health knowledge, attitudes, and practices of people with diabetes yet a review of these findings has not yet been undertaken. The aim of this systematic review was to synthesize current evidence on the knowledge, attitudes and practices of people with diabetes in relation to their oral health care.
A systematic search of all literature was carried out in five databases using key search terms. The inclusion criteria were: 1) published in the English language; 2) from 2000 to November, 2017; 3) conducted on persons with any type of diabetes and of all ages; 4) explored at least one study outcome (knowledge or attitude or practices toward oral health care); and 5) used quantitative methods of data collection. No restrictions were placed on the quality and setting of the study.
A total of 28 studies met the inclusion criteria. The studies included a total of 27,894 people with diabetes and were conducted in 14 countries. The review found that people with diabetes have inadequate oral health knowledge, poor oral health attitudes, and fewer dental visits. They rarely receive oral health education and dental referrals from their care providers. Provision of oral health education by diabetes care providers and referral to dentists when required, was associated with improved oral health behaviours among patients.
Overall, people with diabetes have limited oral health knowledge and poor oral health behaviours. It is therefore essential to educate patients about their increased risk for oral health problems, motivate them for good oral health behaviours and facilitate access to dental care.
Aim
To explore clinical implications of overt diabetes in pregnancy on antenatal characteristics, adverse neonatal outcome and diabetes risk post‐partum.
Methods
Retrospective audit of prospectively ...collected data for all patients with gestational diabetes mellitus from 1993 to 2010. We defined overt diabetes in pregnancy as an HbA1c ≥ 8 mmol/mol (6.5%) or a fasting plasma glucose ≥ 7.0 mmol/l, or a 2‐h glucose level ≥ 11.1 mmo/L on a 75‐g oral glucose tolerance test as a surrogate for a random glucose ≥ 11.1 mmo/l.
Results
Our audit identified 1579 women with gestational diabetes and 254 with overt diabetes in pregnancy. Women with overt diabetes in pregnancy were diagnosed earlier in pregnancy, had a higher number of risk factors for gestational diabetes, higher antenatal HbA1c, fasting and 2‐h glucose levels, higher pre‐pregnancy BMI and higher insulin use and dosage requirements than those with gestational diabetes. Overt diabetes in pregnancy was associated with an increased rate of large‐for‐gestational‐age infant, neonatal hypoglycaemia and shoulder dystocia. Of the 133 patients with overt diabetes in pregnancy who attended a follow‐up oral glucose tolerance test at 6–8 weeks post‐partum, 21% had diabetes, 37.6% had impaired fasting glucose or impaired glucose tolerance, whilst 41.4% returned to normal glucose tolerance.
Conclusion
In this patient cohort, overt diabetes in pregnancy significantly increased the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes and post‐partum impaired glucose regulation, but should not be regarded as synonymous with underlying diabetes. Two‐hour glucose following a 75‐g glucose load is a poor predictor of post‐partum diabetes.
Models of face processing suggest that the neural response in different face regions is selective for higher-level attributes of the face, such as identity and expression. However, it remains unclear ...to what extent the response in these regions can also be explained by more basic organizing principles. Here, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging multivariate pattern analysis (fMRI-MVPA) to ask whether spatial patterns of response in the core face regions (occipital face area – OFA, fusiform face area – FFA, superior temporal sulcus – STS) can be predicted across different participants by lower level properties of the stimulus. First, we compared the neural response to face identity and viewpoint, by showing images of different identities from different viewpoints. The patterns of neural response in the core face regions were predicted by the viewpoint, but not the identity of the face. Next, we compared the neural response to viewpoint and expression, by showing images with different expressions from different viewpoints. Again, viewpoint, but not expression, predicted patterns of response in face regions. Finally, we show that the effect of viewpoint in both experiments could be explained by changes in low-level image properties. Our results suggest that a key determinant of the neural representation in these core face regions involves lower-level image properties rather than an explicit representation of higher-level attributes in the face. The advantage of a relatively image-based representation is that it can be used flexibly in the perception of faces.
It is becoming increasingly common for face morphs (weighted combinations of two people's photographs) to be submitted for inclusion in an official document, such as a passport. These images may ...sufficiently resemble both individuals that they can be used by either person in a ‘fraudulently obtained genuine’ document. Problematically, people are poor at detecting face morphs and there is limited evidence that this can be improved. Here, we tested whether the ‘pairs training effect’ (working in pairs, which we know improves unfamiliar face matching) can improve face morph detection. We found morph detection was more accurate when working in a pair. Further, the lower performer in the pair maintained this benefit when completing the task again individually. We conclude that the pairs training effect translates to face morph detection, and these findings have important implications for improving the detection of face morphs at the initial application stage.
Key points
Skeletal muscle calcium resequestration and performance is increased in male rats with induced diabetes; and whilst muscle calcium resequestration is important during exercise, it has not ...been investigated in human diabetes or compared between sexes.
We show that Ca2+‐ATPase activity and Ca2+ uptake are higher among people with type 1 diabetes (T1D) compared with matched non‐diabetic controls (CON), but that performance during intense exercise was similar; Ca2+‐ATPase activity and Ca2+ uptake are also higher among men than women.
We show that Ca2+‐ATPase activity is reduced during intense exercise in men but not women, and is reduced by high‐intensity exercise training (HIET) in T1D and CON.
Fatigue is commonly reported by people with diabetes, but our data show that muscle calcium resequestration and performance during intense exercise and after HIET is not impaired in T1D, and hence other physiological or psychological mechanisms for fatigue in diabetes must be sought.
Sex influences muscle calcium regulation.
Calcium cycling is integral to muscle performance during the rapid muscle contraction and relaxation of high‐intensity exercise. Ca2+ handling is altered by diabetes mellitus, but has not previously been investigated in human skeletal muscle. We investigated effects of high‐intensity exercise and sprint training on skeletal muscle Ca2+ regulation among men and women with type 1 diabetes (T1D, n = 8, 3F, 5M) and matched non‐diabetic controls (CON, n = 8, 3F, 5M). Secondarily, we examined sex differences in Ca2+ regulation. Subjects undertook 7 weeks of three times‐weekly cycle sprint training. Before and after training, performance was measured, and blood and muscle were sampled at rest and after high‐intensity exercise. In T1D, higher Ca2+‐ATPase activity (+28%) and Ca2+ uptake (+21%) than in CON were evident across both times and days (P < 0.05), but performance was similar. In T1D, resting Ca2+‐ATPase activity correlated with work performed until exhaustion (r = 0.7, P < 0.01). Ca2+‐ATPase activity, but not Ca2+ uptake, was lower (−24%, P < 0.05) among the women across both times and days. Intense exercise did not alter Ca2+‐ATPase activity in T1D or CON. However, sex differences were evident: Ca2+‐ATPase was reduced with exercise among men but increased among women across both days (time × sex interaction, P < 0.05). Sprint training reduced Ca2+‐ATPase (−8%, P < 0.05), but not Ca2+ uptake, in T1D and CON. In summary, skeletal muscle Ca2+ resequestration capacity was increased in T1D, but performance was not greater than CON. Sprint training reduced Ca2+‐ATPase in T1D and CON. Sex differences in Ca2+‐ATPase activity were evident and may be linked with fibre type proportion differences.
The possibility to probe new physics scenarios of light Majorana neutrino exchange and right-handed currents at the planned next generation neutrinoless double
β
decay experiment SuperNEMO is ...discussed. Its ability to study different isotopes and track the outgoing electrons provides the means to discriminate different underlying mechanisms for the neutrinoless double
β
decay by measuring the decay half-life and the electron angular and energy distributions.
Background
In recent years, fraudsters have begun to use readily accessible digital manipulation techniques in order to carry out face morphing attacks. By submitting a morph image (a 50/50 average ...of two people’s faces) for inclusion in an official document such as a passport, it might be possible that both people sufficiently resemble the morph that they are each able to use the resulting genuine ID document. Limited research with low-quality morphs has shown that human detection rates were poor but that training methods can improve performance. Here, we investigate human and computer performance with high-quality morphs, comparable with those expected to be used by criminals.
Results
Over four experiments, we found that people were highly error-prone when detecting morphs and that training did not produce improvements. In a live matching task, morphs were accepted at levels suggesting they represent a significant concern for security agencies and detection was again error-prone. Finally, we found that a simple computer model outperformed our human participants.
Conclusions
Taken together, these results reinforce the idea that advanced computational techniques could prove more reliable than training people when fighting these types of morphing attacks. Our findings have important implications for security authorities worldwide.
The relationship between the real part of the weak value of the momentum operator at a post selected position is discussed and the meaning of the experimentally determined stream-lines in the Toronto ...experiment of Kocsis et al is re-examined. We argue against interpreting the energy flow lines as photon trajectories. The possibility of performing an analogous experiment using atoms is proposed in order that a direct comparison can be made with the trajectories calculated by Philippidis, Dewdney and Hiley using the Bohm approach.
When designing experimental studies with human participants, experimenters must decide how many trials each participant will complete, as well as how many participants to test. Most discussion of ...statistical power (the ability of a study design to detect an effect) has focused on sample size, and assumed sufficient trials. Here we explore the influence of both factors on statistical power, represented as a 2-dimensional plot on which iso-power contours can be visualized. We demonstrate the conditions under which the number of trials is particularly important, that is, when the within-participant variance is large relative to the between-participants variance. We then derive power contour plots using existing data sets for 8 experimental paradigms and methodologies (including reaction times, sensory thresholds, fMRI, MEG, and EEG), and provide example code to calculate estimates of the within- and between-participants variance for each method. In all cases, the within-participant variance was larger than the between-participants variance, meaning that the number of trials has a meaningful influence on statistical power in commonly used paradigms. An online tool is provided (https://shiny.york.ac.uk/powercontours/) for generating power contours, from which the optimal combination of trials and participants can be calculated when designing future studies.
Translational Abstract
Many studies in neuroscience and experimental psychology involve testing human participants multiple times in a given condition, and averaging across these repetitions to get a more accurate estimate of the true response. Yet most researchers do not have a principled way to decide how many trials they should conduct, and decisions are often made using arbitrary criteria. This is an important issue because the number of trials has a direct effect on the statistical power of a study-the likelihood that it is able to detect a real effect. In the context of the recent "replication crisis" in psychology, researchers need tools to optimize the quality of their research designs to increase power. Here we propose a way to visualize the combined effect of sample size (the number of participants tested) and number of trials per participant on statistical power, using a two-dimensional contour plot. We show by subsampling eight existing data sets from a range of widely used methods (including reaction times, EEG, MEG, and fMRI) that these contours are curved, and permit estimation of an optimal number of participants and trials at the study design stage. All of the analysis scripts, as well as an online tool, are provided to permit others to tailor our methods to their own experimental paradigms. We anticipate that this approach will facilitate the design of experimental studies that are more efficient, and more likely to report real effects.
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