A fundamental problem in conserving large carnivores is habitat destruction, which results in patchy, isolated protected areas. In addition, human–wildlife conflict along reserve borders negatively ...affects carnivore populations throughout protected reserves. We present pride composition of nine lion prides and lion mortalities on bordering farmland over a 17‐year study in Etosha National Park, Namibia. Although Etosha National Park is fully fenced, lions can – due to poor maintenance of the fence – move freely onto bordering farmland. Conflict with humans caused 48% of mortalities among subadult and adult lions. Most animals killed by humans consisted of subadult males and adult females: 59% of subadult males and 27% of adult females were shot or poisoned along the border of Etosha National Park. The disproportional high killing of subadult males on farmland affected the tenure periods of resident male coalitions. Probably due to a lack of competition from maturing subadult males, adult males held tenure over prides for nearly 7 years, about three times longer compared to other ecosystems, which increases the risk of inbreeding in this population. Such unregulated and unplanned selective mortality may be more widespread, and managers should monitor for negative effects, especially in socially complex species.
A fundamental problem in conserving large carnivores is habitat destruction, which results in patchy, isolated protected areas. In addition, human wildlife conflict along reserve borders negatively affects carnivore populations throughout protected reserves. We present pride composition of nine lion prides and lion mortalities on bordering farmland over a 17‐year study in Etosha National Park, Namibia. Although Etosha National Park is fully fenced, lions can – due to poor maintenance of the fence ‐ move freely onto bordering farmland. Conflict with humans caused 48% of mortalities amongst subadult and adult lions, consisting mostly of subadult males and adult females. The disproportionally high killing of subadult males on farmland affected the tenure periods of resident male coalitions. Probably due to a lack of competition from maturing subadult males, adult males held tenure over prides for nearly 7 years, about three times longer compared to other ecosystems, which increases the risk of inbreeding.
C-13 norisoprenoids such as β-ionone, 3 hydroxy-β-ionone, and 3 hydroxy-5,6-epoxy-β-ionone are important carotenoid related aroma compounds in fruits.
Apart from chemical degradation ...(photo-oxygenation, (auto)oxidation, thermal degradation), enzymatic cleavage is an important flavor formation pathway
Enzell, C. (1985). Biodegradation of carotenoids – an important route to aroma compounds.
Pure and Applied Chemistry,
57(5), 693–700;
Winterhalter, P., & Rouseff, R. (Eds.). (2001).
Carotenoid-derived aroma compounds. ACS symposium series 802, Washington, DC: American Chemical Society (ISBN 0-8412-3729-8). In nectarines, the content of carotenoid degradation products depends on the degree of maturity. In fully ripened fruit up to 40% of the aglycons are C-13 norisoprenoids Aubert, C., Günata, Z., Ambid, C., & Baumes, R. (2003). Changes in physicochemical characteristics and volatile constituents of yellow- and white-fleshed nectarines during maturation and artificial ripening.
Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry,
51(10), 3083–3091. Regiospecific carotenoid cleavage enzymes have been shown to be involved in aroma formation in different plants and fruits Bouvier, F., Suire, C., Mutterer, J., & Camara, B. (2003). Oxidative remodeling of chromoplast carotenoids: identification of the carotenoid dioxygenase CsCCD and CsZCD genes involved in crocus secondary metabolite biogenesis.
Plant Cell,
15(1), 47–62; Fleischmann, P., Studer, K., & Winterhalter, P., (2002). Partial purification and kinetic characterization of a carotenoid cleavage enzyme from quince fruit (
Cydonia oblonga).
Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry,
50(6), 1677–1680; Fleischmann, P., Watanabe, N., & Winterhalter, P., (2003). Enzymatic carotenoid cleavage in star fruit (
Averrhoa carambola).
Phytochemistry,
63(2), 131–137;
Schwartz, Qin & Zeevaart, 2001.
This paper describes the isolation and partial characterization of carotenoid cleavage enzymes in nectarines, isolated from ripe skin of commercially available fruit. The enzyme is characterized by its kinetic parameters (
v
max,
K
m, time constant, temperature dependence, activation energy).
Caffeine Decreases Exercise-Induced Myocardial Flow Reserve
Mehdi Namdar, Pascal Koepfli, Renate Grathwohl, Patrick T. Siegrist, Michael Klainguti, Tiziano Schepis, Raphael Delaloye, Christophe A. ...Wyss, Samuel P. Fleischmann, Oliver Gaemperli, Philipp A. Kaufmann
Caffeine is a widely consumed stimulant, although its cardiovascular safety remains controversial and its effect on myocardial blood flow (MBF) is unknown. We studied the acute effect of caffeine on resting and exercise-induced MBF as well as on myocardial flow reserve (MFR) in healthy volunteers at normoxia and during acute exposure to simulated altitude, mimicking comparable states of oxygen deprivation in ischemic coronary artery disease. In healthy volunteers, a caffeine dose corresponding to two cups of coffee (200 mg) significantly decreased exercise-induced MFR at normoxia and was even more pronounced during hypoxia.
We studied the acute effect of caffeine on myocardial blood flow (MBF) at rest and exercise in healthy volunteers at normoxia and during acute exposure to simulated altitude.
Caffeine is a widely consumed stimulant, although its cardiovascular safety remains controversial and its effect on MBF is unknown.
15O-labeled H2O and positron emission tomography (PET) were used to measure regional MBF at rest and immediately after supine bicycle exercise in healthy volunteers at normoxia (n = 10; mean workload, 175 W; 98% predicted; mean age, 27 ± 6 years) as well as during hypoxia, simulating an altitude of 4,500 m by inhalation of a mixture of 12.5% oxygen (n = 8; 148 W; 78% predicted; mean age, 29 ± 4 years). Measurements were repeated 50 min after oral ingestion of caffeine (200 mg). Myocardial flow reserve (MFR) was calculated as the ratio of hyperemic to resting MBF.
Resting MBF was not affected by caffeine at normoxia (1.05 ± 0.36 ml/min/g vs. 1.17 ± 0.27 ml/min/g; p = NS), although it was significantly increased at hypoxia (1.71 ± 0.41 ml/min/g vs. 2.22 ± 0.49 ml/min/g; p < 0.001). By contrast, exercise-induced hyperemic MBF decreased significantly at normoxia (2.51 ± 0.58 ml/min/g vs. 2.15 ± 0.47 ml/min/g; p < 0.05) and hypoxia (5.15 ± 0.79 ml/min/g vs. 3.98 ± 0.83 ml/min/g; p < 0.005 vs. baseline; p < 0.005 vs. normoxia). The MFR decreased by 22% at normoxia (2.53 ± 0.69 to 1.90 ± 0.49; p < 0.01) and by 39% at hypoxia (3.13 ± 0.60 to 1.87 ± 0.45, p < 0.005; p < 0.05 vs. normoxia).
In healthy volunteers, a caffeine dose corresponding to two cups of coffee (200 mg) significantly decreased exercise-induced MFR at normoxia and was even more pronounced during exposure to altitude.
The aim of this work is to measure and characterize the ferromagnetic noise from high purity iron and 130
p.p.m. carbon–iron alloy in various physical and metallurgical conditions. This is the basis ...of an industrial development of Barkhausen noise as a non-destructive evaluation technique of microstructural changes. The amplitudes and shapes of Barkhausen signals are correlated with the grain size in pure iron and with the presence of interstitial carbon atoms in the iron matrix (magnetic after effect phenomena) in 130
p.p.m. carbon–iron alloy. This technique is also very sensitive to the location (inter- or intragranular precipitations), the nature (cementite or epsilon carbide), the density and size (coalescence effect) of carbide precipitates and internal stresses. The influence of microstructure is analyzed in terms of Bloch wall interactions with crystal defects as pinning points, closure domains or dislocation configurations.
Determining the index of Simon's congruence is a long outstanding open problem. Two words u and v are called Simon congruent if they have the same set of scattered factors (also known as subwords or ...subsequences), which are parts of the word in the correct order but not necessarily consecutive, e.g., oath is a scattered factor of logarithm but tail is not. Following the idea of scattered factor k-universality (also known as k-richness), we investigate m-nearly k-universality, i.e., words where exactly m scattered factors of length k are absent. We present full characterisations as well as the indexes of the congruence for very small and very large m. Moreover, we give a full combinatorial characterisation of m-nearly k-universal words which are additionally (k−1)-universal.
Front end process simulation is an invaluable tool in assessing current and future process options. This review describes the application of process simulation in modeling geometry, doping and stress ...effects in advanced logic processes. Continuum and atomistic approaches, both necessary to capture the physics involved with the most advanced options, are discussed. Also detailed are advancements in numerical techniques which enable the efficient and robust simulation necessary to keep pace with technology development.
The ATLAS experiment designed to exploit the full discovery potential of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN, is currently being assembled and tested. Its Muon Spectrometer designed to measure ...muons in the final state from proton-proton interactions at the LHC with good momentum resolution (from 3% - 11% for muons of momentum of 1TeV), is being commissioned at the ATLAS cavern. It consists of four types of detectors, each using a different technology. Throughout this paper, a brief description of the commissioning procedure, the software tools developed and the first results obtained is given.
The article describes a novel class of arithmetic architectures for Galois fields GF(2/sup k/). The main applications of the architecture are public key systems which are based on the discrete ...logarithm problem for elliptic curves. The architectures use a representation of the field GF(2/sup k/) as GF((2/sup n/)/sup m/), where k=n/spl middot/m. The approach explores bit parallel arithmetic in the subfield GF(2/sup n/) and serial processing for the extension field arithmetic. This mixed parallel-serial (hybrid) approach can lead to fast implementations. As the core module, a hybrid multiplier is introduced and several optimizations are discussed. We provide two different approaches to squaring. We develop exact expressions for the complexity of parallel squarers in composite fields, which can have a surprisingly low complexity. The hybrid architectures are capable of exploring the time-space trade-off paradigm in a flexible manner. In particular, the number of clock cycles for one field multiplication, which is the atomic operation in most public key schemes, can be reduced by a factor of n compared to other known realizations. The acceleration is achieved at the cost of an increased computational complexity. We describe a proof-of-concept implementation of an ASIC for multiplication and squaring in GF((2/sup n/)/sup m/), m variable.
Objective To ascertain patients' views on the benefits of and possible memory loss from electroconvulsive therapy. Design Descriptive systematic review. Data sources Psychinfo, Medline, Web of ...Science, and Social Science Citation Index databases, and bibliographies. Study selection Articles with patients' views after treatment with electroconvulsive therapy. Data extraction 26 studies carried out by clinicians and nine reports of work undertaken by patients or with the collaboration of patients were identified; 16 studies investigated the perceived benefit of electroconvulsive therapy and seven met criteria for investigating memory loss. Data synthesis The studies showed heterogeneity. The methods used were associated with levels of perceived benefit. At least one third of patients reported persistent memory loss. Conclusions The current statement for patients from the Royal College of Psychiatrists that over 80% of patients are satisfied with electroconvulsive therapy and that memory loss is not clinically important is unfounded.
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