The rapid growth of the Internet of Things (IoT) has accelerated strong interests in the development of low-power wireless sensors. Today, wireless sensors are integrated within IoT systems to gather ...information in a reliable and practical manner to monitor processes and control activities in areas such as transportation, energy, civil infrastructure, smart buildings, environment monitoring, healthcare, defense, manufacturing, and production. The long-term and self-sustainable operation of these IoT devices must be considered early on when they are designed and implemented. Traditionally, wireless sensors have often been powered by batteries, which, despite allowing low overall system costs, can negatively impact the lifespan and the performance of the entire network they are used in. Energy Harvesting (EH) technology is a promising environment-friendly solution that extends the lifetime of these sensors, and, in some cases completely replaces the use of battery power. In addition, energy harvesting offers economic and practical advantages through the optimal use of energy, and the provisioning of lower network maintenance costs. We review recent advances in energy harvesting techniques for IoT. We demonstrate two energy harvesting techniques using case studies. Finally, we discuss some future research challenges that must be addressed to enable the large-scale deployment of energy harvesting solutions for IoT environments.
A Cyber-Physical System for Environmental Monitoring Mois, George; Sanislav, Teodora; Folea, Silviu C.
IEEE transactions on instrumentation and measurement,
2016-June, 2016-6-00, 20160601, Letnik:
65, Številka:
6
Journal Article
Recenzirano
This paper presents the development of a cyber-physical system that monitors the environmental conditions or the ambient conditions in indoor spaces at remote locations. The communication between the ...system's components is performed using the existent wireless infrastructure based on the IEEE 802.11 b/g standards. The resulted solution provides the possibility of logging measurements from locations all over the world and of visualizing and analyzing the gathered data from any device connected to the Internet. This work encompasses the complete solution, a cyber-physical system, starting from the physical level, consisting of sensors and the communication protocol, and reaching data management and storage at the cyber level. The experimental results show that the proposed system represents a viable and straightforward solution for environmental and ambient monitoring applications.
In recent times the escalating pollution within densely populated metropolitan areas has emerged as a significant and pressing concern. Authorities are actively grappling with the challenge of ...devising solutions to promote a cleaner and more environmentally friendly urban landscapes. This paper outlines the potential of establishing a LoRa node network within a densely populated urban environment. Each LoRa node in this network is equipped with an air quality measurement sensor. This interconnected system efficiently transmits all the analyzed data to a gateway, which subsequently sends it to a server or database in real time. These data are then harnessed to create a pollution map for the corresponding area, providing users with the opportunity to assess local pollution levels and their recent variations. Furthermore, this information proves valuable when determining the optimal route between two points in the city, enabling users to select the path with the lowest pollution levels, thus enhancing the overall quality of the urban environment. This advantage contributes to alleviating congestion and reducing excessive pollution often concentrated behind buildings or on adjacent streets.
Fractional calculus has been used intensely in recent years in control engineering to extend the capabilities of the classical proportional–integral–derivative (PID) controller, but most tuning ...techniques are based on the model of the process. The paper presents an experimental tuning procedure for fractional-order proportional integral–proportional derivative (PI/PD) and PID-type controllers that eliminates the need of a mathematical model for the process. The tuning procedure consists in recreating the Bode magnitude plot using experimental tests and imposing the desired shape of the closed loop system magnitude. The proposed method is validated in the field of active vibration suppression by using an experimental set-up consisting of a smart beam.
The present work tackles the modeling of the motion dynamics of an object submerged in a non-Newtonian environment. The mathematical model is developed starting from already known Newtonian ...interactions between the submersible and the fluid. The obtained model is therefore altered through optimization techniques to describe non-Newtonian interactions on the motion of the vehicle by using real-life data regarding non-Newtonian influences on submerged thrusting. For the obtained non-Newtonian fractional order process model, a fractional order control approach is employed to sway the submerged object’s position inside the viscoelastic environment. The presented modeling and control methodologies are solidified by real-life experimental data used to validate the veracity of the presented concepts. The robustness of the control strategy is experimentally validated on both Newtonian and non-Newtonian environments.
The recent changes in climate have increased the importance of environmental monitoring, making it a topical and highly active research area. This field is based on remote sensing and on wireless ...sensor networks for gathering data about the environment. Recent advancements, such as the vision of the Internet of Things (IoT), the cloud computing model, and cyber-physical systems, provide support for the transmission and management of huge amounts of data regarding the trends observed in environmental parameters. In this context, the current work presents three different IoT-based wireless sensors for environmental and ambient monitoring: one employing User Datagram Protocol (UDP)-based Wi-Fi communication, one communicating through Wi-Fi and Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), and a third one using Bluetooth Smart. All of the presented systems provide the possibility of recording data at remote locations and of visualizing them from every device with an Internet connection, enabling the monitoring of geographically large areas. The development details of these systems are described, along with the major differences and similarities between them. The feasibility of the three developed systems for implementing monitoring applications, taking into account their energy autonomy, ease of use, solution complexity, and Internet connectivity facility, was analyzed, and revealed that they make good candidates for IoT-based solutions.
Environmental conditions and air quality monitoring have become crucial today due to the undeniable changes of the climate and accelerated urbanization. To efficiently monitor environmental ...parameters such as temperature, humidity, and the levels of pollutants, such as fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the air, and to collect data covering vast geographical areas, the development of cheap energy-autonomous sensors for large scale deployment and fine-grained data acquisition is required. Rapid advances in electronics and communication technologies along with the emergence of paradigms such as Cyber-Physical Systems (CPSs) and the Internet of Things (IoT) have led to the development of low-cost sensor devices that can operate unattended for long periods of time and communicate using wired or wireless connections through the Internet. We investigate the energy efficiency of an environmental monitoring system based on Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) beacons that operate in the IoT environment. The beacons developed measure the temperature, the relative humidity, the light intensity, and the CO₂ and VOC levels in the air. Based on our analysis we have developed efficient sleep scheduling algorithms that allow the sensor nodes developed to operate autonomously without requiring the replacement of the power supply. The experimental results show that low-power sensors communicating using BLE technology can operate autonomously (from the energy perspective) in applications that monitor the environment or the air quality in indoor or outdoor settings.
This paper presents an approach for developing an extended prediction self-adaptive controller employing graphical programming of industrial standard devices for controlling fast processes. For ...comparison purposes, the algorithm has been implemented on three different field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) chips. This paper presents research aspects regarding graphical-programming controller design, showing that a single advanced control application can run on different targets without requiring significant program modifications. Based on the time needed for processing the control signal and on the application, one can efficiently and easily select the most appropriate device. To exemplify the procedure, a conclusive case study is presented.
The book consists of 21 chapters which present interesting applications implemented using the LabVIEW environment, belonging to several distinct fields such as engineering, fault diagnosis, medicine, ...remote access laboratory, internet communications, chemistry, physics, etc. The virtual instruments designed and implemented in LabVIEW provide the advantages of being more intuitive, of reducing the implementation time and of being portable. The audience for this book includes PhD students, researchers, engineers and professionals who are interested in finding out new tools developed using LabVIEW. Some chapters present interesting ideas and very detailed solutions which offer the immediate possibility of making fast innovations and of generating better products for the market. The effort made by all the scientists who contributed to editing this book was significant and as a result new and viable applications were presented.
This paper presents the development of a compact battery-powered system that monitors the carbon dioxide level, temperature, relative humidity, absolute pressure, and intensity of light in indoor ...spaces, and that sends the measurement data using the existent wireless infrastructure based on the IEEE 802.11 b/g standards. The resulted device's characteristics and performance are comparable with the ones provided by recognized solutions, such as ZigBee-based sensor nodes. By combining Wi-Fi connectivity with ambient sensors, this solution can be used for the remote gathering and further processing of measurement data. Testing revealed that the system can operate continuously for up to three years on a single 3 V small battery.
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