This book explores the best mechanisms for helping bring about compliance with international treaties. In recent years, many international treaties have included non-compliance mechanisms (NCMs) to ...facilitate implementation and promote parties' compliance with their obligations. These NCMs exist alongside the formal dispute resolution processes of international courts and tribunals. The authors bring together a wide legal and geographical spectrum of views from different parts of the world representing novel insights into NCMs' contribution to treaty implementation and compliance. The research has cast important light on how procedural innovations may help render NCMs more effective, as well as on the circumstances in which they may be needed, including particularly where nations share common interests, populations are interdependent, and implementation makes significant administrative, regulatory and political demands. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
Identifying which young people living with perinatally acquired HIV (PHIV) are less likely to engage in care is crucial to allow targeted interventions to support them to attend clinic. We adapted an ...existing Engagement in Care (EIC) algorithm for adults with HIV in England, for use in young people. We applied it to data from young people with PHIV in the Adolescents and Adults Living with Perinatal HIV (AALPHI) cohort. The algorithm predicts the timing of the next scheduled clinic visit, within 1-6 months of current visit, based on routine clinical data. Follow-up was 12-months from AALPHI baseline interview. Each person-month was classified as engaged in care or not. Logistic regression models (allowing for clustered data) were used to explore baseline characteristics associated with being engaged in care, adjusting for a priori variables (time from interview, sex, age, ethnicity, country of birth). Potential characteristics were across 7 domains: sociodemographic; risk behaviour practices; mental health; cognition; clinic setting; HIV management and experience; and HIV clinical markers. Of 316 young people, 187(59%) were female, 271(86%) of black ethnicity and 184(58%) born abroad. At baseline, median IQR age was 1715-18 years, and 202(69%) had viral load ≤50 copies/ml(c/mL). 87% of 3,585 person-months were classified as engaged in care. Characteristics independently associated with poorer odds of being engaged in care were: Asian/mixed/other ethnicity, vs. black ethnicity (OR 0.44, 95% CI 0.25, 0.78, p = 0.02); ever self-harmed, vs. not (OR 0.55, 95% CI 0.32, 0.95, p = 0.03); on antiretroviral therapy (ART) and self-assessed bad/not so good adherence (OR 0.46, 95% CI 0.25, 0.84) or not on ART (OR 0.64, 95% CI 0.64, 1.21) vs. on ART and good/excellent adherence (p = 0.04)); baseline VL>50c/mL, vs VL≤50c/mL (OR 0.47, 95% CI 0.30, 0.75, p = 0.002). These characteristics can help identify individuals requiring enhanced support to maintain service engagement.
Abstract
The fraction of galaxies supported by internal rotation compared to galaxies stabilized by internal pressure provides a strong constraint on galaxy formation models. In integral field ...spectroscopy surveys, this fraction is biased because survey instruments typically only trace the inner parts of the most massive galaxies. We present aperture corrections for the two most widely used stellar kinematic quantities V/σ and λR (spin parameter proxy). Our demonstration involves integral field data from the SAMI (Sydney-AAO Multi-object Integral-field spectrograph) Galaxy Survey and the ATLAS3D survey. We find a tight relation for both V/σ and λR when measured in different apertures that can be used as a linear transformation as a function of radius, i.e. a first-order aperture correction. In degraded seeing, however, the aperture corrections are more significant as the steeper inner profile is more strongly affected by the point spread function than the outskirts. We find that V/σ and λR radial growth curves are well approximated by second-order polynomials. By only fitting the inner profile (0.5Re), we successfully recover the profile out to one Re if a constraint between the linear and quadratic parameter in the fit is applied. However, the aperture corrections for V/σ and λR derived by extrapolating the profiles perform as well as applying a first-order correction. With our aperture-corrected λR measurements, we find that the fraction of slow rotating galaxies increases with stellar mass. For galaxies with log M*/M⊙ > 11, the fraction of slow rotators is 35.9 ± 4.3 per cent, but is underestimated if galaxies without coverage beyond one Re are not included in the sample (24.2 ± 5.3 per cent). With measurements out to the largest aperture radius, the slow rotator fraction is similar as compared to using aperture-corrected values (38.3 ± 4.4 per cent). Thus, aperture effects can significantly bias stellar kinematic integral field spectrograph studies, but this bias can now be removed with the method outlined here.
Complex challenges amongst ageing cohorts of adolescents and adults living with perinatally acquired HIV (PaHIV) may impact on hospitalisation. We report hospitalisation rates and explored predictive ...factors for hospitalisation in adolescents and adults (10-35 years) living with PaHIV in England.
Retrospective observational cohort study over a three-year period 2016-2019. Data collected included cause and duration of hospitalisation, HIV viral load and CD4 lymphocyte count. The primary outcome was overnight hospitalisation. Patients exited at study end/ transfer of care (TOC)/ loss to follow up (LTFU) or death. Maternity/hospital admissions at other centres were excluded. Admission rates per 100 person-years (95% CI) were calculated by age group. Negative binomial regression with generalized estimating equations was performed.
255 patients contributed 689 person-years of follow up. 56% were female and 83% were of a Black, Black British, Caribbean or African ethnicity. At baseline, the median age was 19 years (IQR 16-22). 36 individuals experienced a total of 62 admissions which resulted in 558 overnight stays (median stay was 5 nights). One person died (lymphoma), six had TOC and one was LTFU by the end of the three-year study period. Crude incidence of admission for the whole cohort was 9.0 per 100 PY (6.9-11.6). The respective crude incidence rates were 1.5 PY (0.0-8.2) in those aged 10-14 years and 3.5 PY (1.5-7.0) in the 15-19-year-olds. In those aged 20-24 years it was 14.5 PY (10.1-20.2) and in those >25 years the crude incidence rate was 11.7 PY (6.9-18.5). Factors significantly associated with admission were a CD4 lymphocyte count <200 cells/uL, adjusted IRR 4.0 (1.8-8.8) and a history of a CDC-C diagnosis, adjusted IRR 2.9 (1.6-5.3). 89% admissions were HIV-related: 45% new/current CDC-C diagnoses, 76% due to infection.
Hospitalisation rates were four-fold higher in adults (>20 years of age) compared to adolescents (10-19-year-olds). The continuing challenges experienced by PaHIV youth require enhanced multidisciplinary support throughout adulthood.
ABSTRACT We study the total mass-density profile for a sample of 14 fast-rotator early-type galaxies (stellar masses ). We combine observations from the SLUGGS and ATLAS surveys to map out the ...stellar kinematics in two dimensions, out to a median radius for the sample of four half-light radii Re (or 10 kpc) and a maximum radius of 2.0-6.2 Re (or 4-21 kpc). We use axisymmetric dynamical models based on the Jeans equations, which allow for a spatially varying anisotropy; employ quite general profiles for the dark halos; and, in particular, do not place any restrictions on the profile slope. This is made possible by the availability of spatially extended two-dimensional kinematics. We find that our relatively simple models provide a remarkably good description of the observed kinematics. The resulting total density profiles are well described by a nearly isothermal power law from Re/10 to at least 4Re, the largest average deviation being 11%. The average logarithmic slope is with observed rms scatter of just . This scatter out to large radii, where dark matter dominates, is as small as previously reported by lensing studies around r Re/2, where the stars dominate. Our bulge-halo conspiracy places much tighter constraints on galaxy formation models. It illustrates the power of two-dimensional stellar kinematics observations at large radii. It is now important to test the generality of our results for different galaxy types and larger samples.
We measure the mass functions for generically red and blue galaxies, using a z < 0.12 sample of log M* > 8.7 field galaxies from the Galaxy And Mass Assembly (GAMA) survey. Our motivation is that, as ...we show, the dominant uncertainty in existing measurements stems from how 'red' and 'blue' galaxies have been selected/defined. Accordingly, we model our data as two naturally overlapping populations, each with their own mass function and colour-mass relation, which enables us characterize the two populations without having to specify a priori which galaxies are 'red' and 'blue'. Our results then provide the means to derive objective operational definitions for the terms 'red' and 'blue', which are based on the phenomenology of the colour-mass diagrams. Informed by this descriptive modelling, we show that (1) after accounting for dust, the stellar colours of 'blue' galaxies do not depend strongly on mass; (2) the tight, flat 'dead sequence' does not extend much below log M* ~ 10.5; instead, (3) the stellar colours of 'red' galaxies vary rather strongly with mass, such that lower mass 'red' galaxies have bluer stellar populations; (4) below log M* ~ 9.3, the 'red' population dissolves into obscurity, and it becomes problematic to talk about two distinct populations; as a consequence, (5) it is hard to meaningfully constrain the shape, including the existence of an upturn, of the 'red' galaxy mass function below log M* ~ 9.3. Points 1-4 provide meaningful targets for models of galaxy formation and evolution to aim for.
Stellar metallicity gradients in the outer regions of galaxies are a critical tool for disentangling the contributions of in situ and ex situ formed stars. In the two-phase galaxy formation scenario, ...the initial gas collapse creates steep metallicity gradients, while the accretion of stars formed in satellites tends to flatten these gradients in the outskirts, particularly for massive galaxies. This work presents the first compilation of extended metallicity profiles over a wide range of galaxy mass. We use the DEep Imaging Multi-Object Spectrograph spectrograph on the Keck telescope in multislit mode to obtain radial stellar metallicity profiles for 22 nearby early-type galaxies. From the calcium triplet lines in the near-infrared, we measure the metallicity of the starlight up to 3 effective radii. We find a relation between the outer metallicity gradient and galaxy mass, in the sense that lower mass systems show steeper metallicity gradients than more massive galaxies. This result is consistent with a picture in which the ratio of ex situ to in situ formed stars is lower in less massive galaxies as a consequence of the smaller contribution by accretion. In addition, we infer a correlation between the strength of the calcium triplet feature in the near-infrared and the stellar initial mass function slope that is consistent with recent models in the literature.
The Problem with Public Morals Foster, Caroline E
Journal of international dispute settlement,
12/2019, Letnik:
10, Številka:
4
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Abstract
Empirical study reveals that the methods employed for identifying public morals and societal values in international dispute settlement seldom capture them directly. Rather what we see are ...governmentally mediated representations of these morals and values. Accepting such representations masks diversity in moral views and societal values within populations, assumes that governments properly represent populations on matters of conscience, and may endorse the characterization of social policies as an embodiment of public morality even where they are in tension with accepted human rights. The underlying difficulty appears to be that public morals defences entered international economic law at a time predating the current highly legalized dispute settlement processes with which we are now familiar, and that they are unsuited by nature to international adjudication in its present form. Contrastingly, the idea of legitimate public policy objectives featuring in certain recently negotiated regional free trade agreements poses fewer concerns of this nature.
We present stellar kinematics of 22 nearby early-type galaxies (ETGs), based on two-dimensional (2D) absorption line stellar spectroscopy out to ~2-4R sub(e) (effective radii), as part of the ongoing ...SLUGGS Survey. The galaxies span a factor of 20 in intrinsic luminosity, as well as a full range of environment and ETG morphology. Our data consist of good velocity resolution (sigma sub(inst) ~ 25 km s super(-1)) integrated stellar-light spectra extracted from the individual slitlets of custom made Keck/DEIMOS slitmasks. We extract stellar kinematics measurements (V, sigma, h sub(3) and h sub(4)) for each galaxy. Combining with literature values from smaller radii, we present 2D spatially resolved maps of the large-scale kinematic structure in each galaxy. We find that the kinematic homogeneity found inside 1 R sub(e) often breaks down at larger radii, where a variety of kinematic behaviors are observed. While central slow rotators remain slowly rotating in their halos, central fast rotators show more diversity, ranging from rapidly increasing to rapidly declining specific angular momentum profiles in the outer regions. There are indications that the outer trends depend on morphological type, raising questions about the proposed unification of the elliptical and lenticular (S0) galaxy families in the ATLAS super(3D) survey. Several galaxies in our sample show multiple lines of evidence for distinct disk components embedded in more slowly rotating spheroids, and we suggest a joint photometric-kinematic approach for robust bulge-disk decomposition. Our observational results appear generally consistent with a picture of two-phase (in-situ plus accretion) galaxy formation.
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