Aging is often accompanied by an increase in pro-inflammatory markers. This inflammatory process is directly related to cellular dysfunctions that induce events such as the exacerbated activation of ...cell death signaling pathways. In the aged brain, dysregulation of the normal activities of neuronal cells compromises brain functions, thereby favoring the onset of neurodegenerative diseases and cognitive deficits. Interactions between various stimuli, such as stress, are responsible for the modulation of cellular processes and activities. Physical exercise is a controllable model of stress, largely used as a strategy for studying the physiological mechanisms of inflammatory responses and their consequences. However, different types of physical exercise promote different responses in the organism. The present study was designed to investigate the expression of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, and expression and activation of intracellular signaling proteins (CREB, ERK, Akt, p70S6k, STAT5, JNK, NFkB e p38) in the cerebral cortex and hippocampal formation of aged rats submitted to aerobic and resistance exercise. Inflammatory analysis showed that aged rats that underwent resistance training had decreased cortical levels of RANTES and a reduction in the hippocampal levels of MIP-2 when compared with control animals (sedentary). No significant difference was detected in the cortical and hippocampal inflammatory response between aerobic and sedentary groups. However, when comparing the two training models (aerobic vs resistance), it was observed that aerobic training increased the cortical levels of IL-13, IL-6, IL-17α compared with resistance training. Regarding the signaling proteins, a significant increase in cortical expression of the proteins JNK, ERK and p70S6k was found in the aerobic group in relation to the sedentary group. No significant change in the cortical and hippocampal expression of signaling proteins was detected between resistance training and sedentary groups. Nevertheless, when training models were compared, it was observed that aerobic training increased cortical expression of the total proteins p38, ERK, Akt and p70S6k in relation to resistance training. Taken together, these results show that changes in the brain expression of inflammatory and cell survival proteins in aged rats depend on the type of physical training.
•Resistance training reduces cortical levels of RANTES and hippocampal levels of MIP-2 in the brain of aged rats.•Aerobic training increases cortical levels of the IL-13, IL-6, IL-17α compared with resistance training.•Aerobic training increases cortical expression of the proteins JNK, ERK and p70S6k in the brain of aged rats.•Resistance training reduces cortical expression of the proteins p38, ERK and Akt in relation to aerobic training.
Aging is often accompanied by cognitive decline, memory impairment, and an increased susceptibility to neurodegenerative disorders. Although the physiological processes of aging are not fully ...understood, these age‐related changes have been interpreted by means of various cellular and molecular theories. Among these theories, alterations in the intracellular signaling pathways associated with cell growth, proliferation, and survival have been highlighted. Based on these observations and on recent evidence showing the beneficial effects of exercise on cognitive function in the elderly, we investigated the cell signaling pathways in the hippocampal formation of middle‐aged rats (18 months old) submitted to treadmill exercise over 10 days. To do this, we evaluated the hippocampal activation of intracellular signaling proteins linked to cell growth, proliferation, and survival, such as Akt, mTOR, p70S6K, ERK, CREB, and p38. We also explored the cognitive performance (inhibitory avoidance) of middle‐aged rats. It was found that physical exercise reduces ERK and p38 activation in the hippocampal formation of aged rats, when compared to the control group. The hippocampal activation and expression of Akt, mTOR, p70S6K, and CREB were not statistically different between the groups. It was also observed that aged rats from the exercise group exhibited better cognitive performance in the inhibitory avoidance task (aversive memory) than aged rats from the control group. Our results indicate that physical exercise reduces intracellular signaling pathways linked to inflammation and cell death (i.e., ERK and p38) and improves memory in middle‐aged rats.
Verify the influences of physical activity level, nutritional status and screen habits on the prevalence of back pain in Brazilian students.
The sample consisted of 577 schoolchildren (female = 274; ...male = 303) aged between 10 and 16 years old, regularly enrolled in the 6
grade of elementary school living in the metropolitan area of the Alto Tietê of the state of São Paulo, Brazil. The prevalence, intensity and frequency of pain was verified with the Back Pain Assessment Instrument. The usual practice of physical activity was verified with the Physical Activity Questionnaire for Older Children/Adolescent. Nutritional status was analyzed using Body Mass Index. Screen habits were obtained through a previously structured questionnaire.
The Chi-square test indicated that pain complaint and its prevalence in the cervical region are significantly higher in females (p < 0.05). The multiple logistic regression test revealed that watching television influences the prevalence of cervical pain and that the use of more than one screen increases the occurrence of low back pain in male students (p < 0.05).
Female students were the most affected by back pain complain, especially in the cervical region. However, factors associated with the prevalence of back pain were found only in males.
Purpose: to verify the influence of 36 sessions of a combined exercise protocol (resistance exercise with dumbbells and flexibility exercises for upper limbs) on the range of motion of the ...glenohumeral joint and handgrip strength of mastectomized women undergoing treatment of breast cancer. Materials and Methods: 37 female volunteers aged between 31 and 76 years, physically inactive who were being treated for breast cancer through adjuvant therapies were randomized into 2 groups (experimental, n=17; control, n=20). The volunteers in the experimental group underwent 36 sessions of a combined exercise protocol (resistance exercise with dumbbells and flexibility exercises for upper limbs), whereas the volunteers in the control group only continued with conventional cancer treatment. Both groups were evaluated before the start (pre-test) and one day after the end of the 36 combined exercise sessions of the exercise group (post-test). Results: The Kruskal-Wallis non-parametric test demonstrated a significant improvement in the exercise group compared to the control group for the variables of handgrip strength, shoulder extension, medial shoulder rotation, and shoulder lateral rotation (p<0.05). Conclusion: The combined exercise protocol had a positive influence on the handgrip strength and improved flexibility for the movements of horizontal shoulder abduction, medial shoulder rotation, shoulder lateral rotation. However, there was no effect on the movements of shoulder flexion, shoulder extension, and horizontal shoulder adduction.
Purpose: to verify the influence of 36 sessions of a combined exercise protocol (resistance exercise with dumbbells and flexibility exercises for upper limbs) on the range of motion of the ...glenohumeral joint and handgrip strength of mastectomized women undergoing treatment of breast cancer. Materials and Methods: 37 female volunteers aged between 31 and 76 years, physically inactive who were being treated for breast cancer through adjuvant therapies were randomized into 2 groups (experimental, n=17; control, n=20). The volunteers in the experimental group underwent 36 sessions of a combined exercise protocol (resistance exercise with dumbbells and flexibility exercises for upper limbs), whereas the volunteers in the control group only continued with conventional cancer treatment. Both groups were evaluated before the start (pre-test) and one day after the end of the 36 combined exercise sessions of the exercise group (post-test). Results: The Kruskal-Wallis non-parametric test demonstrated a significant improvement in the exercise group compared to the control group for the variables of handgrip strength, shoulder extension, medial shoulder rotation, and shoulder lateral rotation (p<0.05). Conclusion: The combined exercise protocol had a positive influence on the handgrip strength and improved flexibility for the movements of horizontal shoulder abduction, medial shoulder rotation, shoulder lateral rotation. However, there was no effect on the movements of shoulder flexion, shoulder extension, and horizontal shoulder adduction. Key words: Breast cancer. Resistance training. Flexibility. Strength. Objetivo: verificar a influência de 36 sessões de um protocolo de exercícios combinados (exercício resistido com halteres e exercícios de flexibilidade para membros superiores) na amplitude de movimento da articulação glenoumeral e na força de preensão palmar de mulheres mastectomizadas em tratamento de câncer de mama. Materiais e Métodos: 37 voluntárias com idade entre 31 e 76 anos, fisicamente inativas, em tratamento de câncer de mama por meio de terapias adjuvantes, foram randomizadas em 2 grupos (experimental, n=17; controle, n=20). Os voluntários do grupo experimental realizaram 36 sessões de um protocolo de exercícios combinados (exercício resistido com halteres e exercícios de flexibilidade para membros superiores), enquanto os voluntários do grupo controle continuaram apenas com o tratamento oncológico convencional. Ambos os grupos foram avaliados antes do início (pré-teste) e um dia após o término das 36 sessões de exercícios combinados do grupo exercício (pós-teste). Resultados: O teste não paramétrico de Kruskal-Wallis demonstrou melhora significativa no grupo exercício em relação ao grupo controle nas variáveis força de preensão palmar, extensão do ombro, rotação medial do ombro e rotação lateral do ombro (p<0,05). Conclusão: O protocolo de exercícios combinados influenciou positivamente na força de preensão manual e melhorou a flexibilidade para os movimentos de abdução horizontal do ombro, rotação medial do ombro, rotação lateral do ombro. No entanto, não houve efeito nos movimentos de flexão de ombro, extensão de ombro e adução horizontal de ombro. Palavras-chave: Câncer de mama. Treinamento de resistência. Flexibilidade. Força.
Introdução: Estudos apontam que o tempo de tela (TT) excessivo pode reduzir os níveis de atividade física da população infantojuvenil e tal redução pode contribuir para o excesso de peso. No entanto, ...pouco se sabe se outros hábitos de tela (HT) podem ser preditores desta condição. Objetivo: Avaliar se o excesso de peso está associado aos HT em estudantes do ensino fundamental de ambos os sexos residentes na cidade de Itaquaquecetuba- SP. Materiais e métodos: Trata-se de um estudo transversal, com uma amostra composta por 317 estudantes (masculino: n= 174) com idade entre 10 e 16 anos. O índice de massa corporal (IMC) foi utilizado para a classificação do estado nutricional e os HT foram verificados por meio de um questionário previamente estruturado. Resultados: Foi evidenciado um elevado TT diário, especialmente nas estudantes do sexo feminino (p<0,01) e, uma prevalência de excesso de peso em mais de 25% dos estudantes de ambos os sexos. O uso de videogames foi significativamente maior nos indivíduos do sexo masculino (p<0,01) e o HT de comunicação foi mais presente entre as estudantes (p<0,01). Nenhuma das variáveis dos HT investigadas foi preditora do excesso de peso em estudantes de ambos os sexos (p>0,05). Conclusão: Existem diferenças significativas nos HT de estudantes de ambos os sexos, mas não foi evidenciada associação significativa destas variáveis com o excesso de peso.
O presente estudo teve como objetivo analisar o perfil antropométrico e a capacidade aeróbia dos acadêmicos do curso de Educação Física. A amostra foi composta por 122 acadêmicos de ambos os sexos, ...sendo que foram coletados dados referentes a massa corporal, estatura, dobras cutâneas, perímetros e diâmetros ósseos e capacidade aeróbica. A partir da avaliação antropométrica foram estimados o Índice de Massa Corporal (IMC), porcentagem de Gordura Corporal (%GC) e o somatotipo. A avaliação da capacidade aeróbica foi realizada mediante a aplicação de teste de campo (vai e vem). O grupo masculino (81 acadêmicos) apresentou idade média de 21,98 ± 5,44 anos, massa corporal de 72,21 ± 10,86 kg e estatura de 1,75 ± 0,07 m. O grupo feminino (41 acadêmicas) apresentou idade média de 21,32 ± 3,3 anos, massa corporal de 61,82 ± 10,52 kg, e estatura de 1,61 ± 0,05m. Após a análise dos dados observou-se que o IMC médio do grupo masculino foi de 23,62 ± 3,0 kg/m², %GC de 14,13 ± 4,2, somatotipo de 3,5-4,9-2,2 e VO2 máx. 42,63 ± 5,53 mL/kg/min. O IMC médio do grupo feminino foi de 23,87 ± 3,62 kg/m², %GC de 24,72 ± 5,53, somatotipo de 5,8-4,3-1,3 e VO2 máx. 32,53 ± 5,83 mL/kg/min. Os acadêmicos apresentaram em média %GC dentro do padrão de normalidade e capacidade aeróbica classificada como boa. Entretanto, as acadêmicas apresentaram %GC acima do padrão de normalidade e nível de capacidade aeróbica classificada como regular.
O futebol e um esporte coletivo que, para cada posicao em que o jogador atua, ha uma funcao e acao diferente em relacao a sua movimentacao no campo de jogo. Neste sentido, e possivel que tais ...disparidades impliquem em adaptacoes fisicas especificas para cada posicao. Com isso, por meio de uma revisao sistematica, este estudo objetivou analisar a literatura cientifica e identificar as possiveis diferencas em parametros de performance (potencia muscular e Consumo Maximo de Oxigenio-VO.sub.2 max) dos atletas de futebol de campo masculino, de acordo com a posicao tatica desempenhada. A base de dados consultada foi a SPORTDiscus, com um recrutamento das publicacoes feitas nos ultimos 10 anos em lingua portuguesa e inglesa. Os termos utilizados para a busca foram: "soccer" ou "football", "tactical position" e "training" (em portugues: futebol, posicao tatica e treinamento, respectivamente). Estes foram combinados com os operadores booleanos "AND" e "OR". Todos os artigos foram filtrados e analisados com o uso da plataforma CADIMA que, apos passar pelos criterios de inclusao, 11 estudos foram incluidos. Os achados obtidos foram divididos em dois parametros: potencia muscular e VO.sub.2 max. Para o parametro de potencia muscular, os estudos analisados usaram como metodos avaliativos testes de salto vertical, testes de velocidade (entre 5 e 30m) e o Running Anaerobic Sprint Test (RAST). Para esta variavel, houve uma tendencia dos maiores valores apresentados nos testes serem para os atacantes, porem estes resultados nao foram unanimes em todos os estudos examinados. Ja para o VO.sub.2 max, foi visto uma diferenca nos resultados entre goleiros e jogadores de linha, sendo nos goleiros os menores valores observados. Com os resultados apresentados, conclui-se que os jogadores de linha possuem VO2max superior aos goleiros, no entanto, para a variavel de potencia muscular, mais estudos sobre o tema sao necessarios para melhores esclarecimentos sobre as diferencas posicionais no futebol de campo. Palavras-chave: Futebol. Potencia muscular. VO.sub.2 max. Posicao tatica. Football is a collective sport that, for each position in which the player acts, there is a different function and action in relation to his movement on the field of play. In this sense, it is possible that such disparities imply specific physical adaptations for each position. Thus, through a systematic review, this study aimed to analyze the scientific literature and identify possible differences in performance parameters (muscle power and Maximum Oxygen Consumption-VO.sub.2 max) of male football players, according to the position tactics performed. The database consulted was SPORTDiscus, with a recruitment of publications made in the last 10 years in Portuguese and English. The terms used for the search were: "football" or "football", "tactical position" and "training" (in portuguese: futebol, posicao tatica e treinamento, respectivamente). These were combined with the Boolean operators "AND" and "OR". All articles were filtered and analyzed using the CADIMA platform which, after going through the inclusion criteria, 11 studies were included. The findings obtained were divided into two parameters: muscle power and VO.sub.2 max. For the muscle power parameter, the analyzed studies used vertical jump tests, speed tests (between 5 and 30m) and the Running Anaerobic Sprint Test (RAST) as evaluative methods. For this variable, there was a tendency for the highest values presented in the tests to be for attackers, but these results were not unanimous in all examined studies. As for VO.sub.2 max, a difference was seen in the results between goalkeepers and outfield players, with goalkeepers having the lowest values observed. With the results presented, it is concluded that outfield players have VO.sub.2 max higher than goalkeepers, however, for the muscle power variable, more studies on the subject are necessary for better clarification on the positional differences in field football Key words: Football. Muscle power. VO.sub.2 max. Tactical position.
O presente estudo teve como objetivo analisar o perfil antropométrico e a capacidade aeróbia dos acadêmicos do curso de Educação Física. A amostra foi composta por 122 acadêmicos de ambos os sexos, ...sendo que foram coletados dados referentes a massa corporal, estatura, dobras cutâneas, perímetros e diâmetros ósseos e capacidade aeróbica. A partir da avaliação antropométrica foram estimados o Índice de Massa Corporal (IMC), porcentagem de Gordura Corporal (%GC) e o somatotipo. A avaliação da capacidade aeróbica foi realizada mediante a aplicação de teste de campo (vai e vem). O grupo masculino (81 acadêmicos) apresentou idade média de 21,98 + or - 5,44 anos, massa corporal de 72,21 + or - 10,86 kg e estatura de 1,75 + or - 0,07 m. O grupo feminino (41 acadêmicas) apresentou idade média de 21,32 + or - 3,3 anos, massa corporal de 61,82 + or - 10,52 kg, e estatura de 1,61 + or - 0,05m. Após a análise dos dados observou-se que o IMC médio do grupo masculino foi de 23,62 + or - 3,0 kg/m.sup.2, %GC de 14,13 + or - 4,2, somatotipo de 3,5-4,9-2,2 e VO.sub.2 máx. 42,63 + or - 5,53 mL/kg/min. O IMC médio do grupo feminino foi de 23,87 + or - 3,62 kg/m.sup.2, %GC de 24,72 + or - 5,53, somatotipo de 5,8-4,3-1,3 e VO.sub.2 máx. 32,53 + or - 5,83 mL/kg/min. Os acadêmicos apresentaram em média %GC dentro do padrão de normalidade e capacidade aeróbica classificada como boa. Entretanto, as acadêmicas apresentaram %GC acima do padrão de normalidade e nível de capacidade aeróbica classificada como regular. Palavras-chave: Acadêmicos. Antropometria. Capacidade Aeróbia. Morphological characteristics and physical fitness among physical education students The aim of this study was to analyze the anthropometric profile and aerobic fitness among Physical Education students. The sample was 122 students of both sexes, and data were collected on body mass, height, skinfolds, perimeters, bone diameters and aerobic fitness. From the anthropometric evaluation were estimated: Body Mass Index (BMI), Body Fat percentage (% GC) and somatotype. The evaluation of aerobic fitness was performed by field test (20-m shuttle run). The male group (81 academics) had a mean age of 21.98 + or - 5.44 years, body mass of 72.21 + or - 10.86 kg, and height of 1.75 + or - 0.07 m. The female group (41 academics) had a mean age of 21.32 + or - 3.3 years, body mass of 61.82 + or - 10.52 kg, and height of 1.61 + or - 0.05 m. It was observed that the mean BMI of the male group was 23.62 + or - 3.0 kg/m.sup.2, %BF of 14.13 + or - 4.2, somatotype of 3.5-4.9-2, 2 and VO.sub.2max 42.63 + or - 5.53 mL/kg/min. The mean BMI of the female group was 23.87 + or - 3.62 kg/m.sup.2, %BF of 24.72 + or - 5.53, somatotype of 5.8-4.3-1.3 and VO.sub.2max 32.53 + or - 5.83 mL/kg/min. The male showed, on average, %BF within the norm of normality and aerobic fitness classified as good. However, the female presented %BF above the norm of normality and level of aerobic fitness classified as regular. Key words: Students. Anthropometry. Aerobic Fitness.
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