U radu je predstavljena nedestruktivna procjena koncentracije fotosintetskih pigmenata (ukupnih klorofila i karotenoida) u lišću hrasta lužnjaka pomoću prijenosnog optičkog klorofilmetra CCM-200. ...Istraživanje je provedeno 2015. godine na biljnom materijalu izloženom različitim tretmanima vlažnosti tla. U kontrolnom tertmanu sadržaj vlage u tlu održavan je iznad poljskog vodnog kapaciteta, dok je u sušnom tretmanu biljkama voda bila uskraćena 112 dana (1. 4. – 21. 7.). U drugom dijelu vegetacijskog razdoblja (22. 7. – 22. 10.) u oba tretmana vlaga tla održavana je iznad poljskog vodnog kapaciteta. Na temelju lišća uzorkovanoga istovremeno u oba tretmana i to sredinom jeseni (27. 10.) izrađene su kalibracijske jednadžbe koje opisuju odnos indeksa relativnog sadržaja klorofila izmjerenoga pomoću klorofilmetra i stvarne koncentracije fotosintetskih pigmenata (utvrđene laboratorijski) pred sam kraj vegetacijskog razdoblja. Jednadžbe su konstruirane posebno za kontrolni, a posebno za sušni tretman. S obzirom na takav dizajn pokusa i vrijeme uzorkovanja, primarni cilj rada bio je ispitati utjecaj dugotrajnog sušnog razdoblja na homogenost parametara kalibracijskih jednadžbi (Y-odsječaka i nagiba pravaca). Na temelju dobivenih rezultata zaključeno je da parametri kalibracijskih jednadžbi nisu bili utjecani sušnim tretmanom. Prema tome, rezultati istraživanja ukazuju na to da klorofilmetar CCM-200, uz primjenu odgovarjućih kalibracijskih jednadžbi, predstavlja pouzdan alat za nedestruktivnu procjenu koncentracije ukupnih klorofila i karotenoida u lišću hrasta lužnjaka, bez obzira na različite režime vlažnosti tla kojima je biljni materijal bio izložen tijekom vegetacijskog razdoblja. Uz to, u radu je utvrđeno da bi preciznost procjene stvarne koncentracije fotosintetskih pigmenata bilo moguće i dodatno poboljšati korekcijom klorofilnog indeksa sa specifičnom lisnom masom.
The concentration of photosynthetic pigments (chlorophylls and carotenoids) in leaves of forest trees is a good indicator of the photosynthetic efficiency, level of nutrition with nitrogen and autumn leaf senescence. Thus the photosynthetic pigment concentrations is one of the most significant parameters related to the physiological status of plant. Change in pigment concentrations of leaves indicate presence of environmental stress. Well-timed detection of environmental stress play a crucial role in preventing damage on seedlings and saplings in forest nurseries and wood mass production in forest cultures and plantations. Traditional methods for determining the concentrations of photosynthetic pigments represent an obstacle to continuous monitoring concentrations of photosynthetic pigment in leaves of forest trees, primarily because they are relatively expensive, long lasting and require destruction of plant material. However, portable optical chlorophyll meters such as CCM-200 (Opti-Sciences, Tyngsboro, Massachusetts, USA) and SPAD-502 (Minolta Camera Co., Osaka, Japan) is a reliable alternative to traditional laboratory methods. To use chlorophyll meters as a tool for estimating photosynthetic pigment concentrations in leaves, it is necessary to construct regression equations (calibration equations) that reliably describe the relationships between the relative index of the total chlorophyll content in leaves (CCI) and the total pigment concentrations in leaves, determined by standard laboratory methods.
In the present study, we set up experiment to establish the ability of the hand-held CCM-200 chlorophyll meter to accurately estimate the content of the photosynthetic pigments in leaves of Quercus robur L. with contrast level of soil moisture. The objectives of the present work were: (i) determine whether the long-lasting drought period significantly influences the relationship between the CCI obtined by CCM-200 and the concentration of photosynthetic pigments (total chlorophyll and carotenoid); (ii) construct calibration equations for non-destructive estimation of photosynthetic pigments in Q. robur leaves; (iii) to analyse the improvement estimation of photosynthetic pigments concentration when CCI was corrected with specific leaf mass.
The research was carried out during the year 2015 on 60 two-years old plants grown in the greenhouse located in the Croatian Forestry Institute Jastrebarsko. Plant material was grown in 50 liter containers previously filled with soil originating from a natural oak stand. In the spring of the 2015, at the beginning of the study the mean height of investigated plants was 23.9 ± 4.8 cm.
During the study, plant material was exposure to different level of soil moisture. In control treatment soil water content was kept above field capacity, while in drought treatment plants were exposed to water reduction during 112 days (1st of April – 21st of July). In second part of growing season (22nd of July – 22nd of October) in both treatments soil water content was kept above field capacity (Figure 1). Calibration equations, that describe relationship between relative chlorophyll content index measured with chlorophyll meter and actual photosynthetic pigment concentrations in sampled leaves (laboratory determined) at the end of growing season (27th of October), were constructed for both treatments (Table 2 and 3; Figure 4 and 5). Obtined results show that parameters of calibration equations were not affected by drought treatment (Table 4). Therefore, when using appropriate calibration equations, clorophyll meter CCM-200 can be considered as reliable tool for non-destructive estimation of total chlorophylls and carotenoids in Q. robur leaves, regardless of different soil water regimes during the growing season. Additionaly, this research confirmed that it is possible to improve the estimation of actual photosynthetic pigment concentration by using chlorophyll content index corrected with specific leaf mass (Table 2 and 3; Figure 4 and 5).
Pasji je trn glacijalni relikt, koji se je nakon povlačenja ledenoga pokrova širio prema sjeveru i višim planinskim položajima. U Hrvatskoj je bio rasprostranjen u Međimurju i u Podravini (uz Muru ...i Dravu – Legrad, Bukovec, Dubrava, Križovljan-grad). Vrlo je rijedak i u uzgoju ili subspontano proširen, te se još navodi i za područje Samobora, Skradina, a u uzgoju je još zabilježen u Botaničkome vrtu Prirodoslovno-matematičkoga fakulteta Sveučilišta u Zagrebu, Nespešu, Starom Brestju (Sesvete), uz brzu cestu Sv. Helena-Bjelovar i u Park-šumi Adica u Vukovaru. Tijekom prve polovice 20. stoljeća nije bilo nikakvih novih podataka o rasprostranjenosti pasjega trna u Hrvatskoj, a u drugoj polovici 20. stoljeća, tijekom fitocenoloških istraživanja vegetacije u priobalnome pojasu rijeke Drave u široj varaždinskoj okolici Trinajstić (1964, 1994) bilježi nekoliko grmova, bez posebne fitocenološke pripadnosti. Za Hrvatsku prve podatke o fitocenološkim značajkama vrste
H. rhamnoides
donosi Trinajstić (2006) i to na osnovi jedne fitocenološke snimke iz koje se može jasno razabrati da ona prema svom florističkom sastavu pripada u sintaksonomskom smislu as.
Hippophao-Berberidetum
Moor 1958.
Najnovijim istraživanjima sukcesije vegetacije u Podravini, 26. lipnja 2015. godine utvrđeno je novo nalazište vrste
H. rhamnoides
sjeverno od sela Veliki i Mali Bukovec (46.3070540, 16.7275400). Napravljena je jedna fitocenološka snimka (Tab. 1). Analizom fitocenološke snimke vidljivo je da je ona bogatija vrstama (25 : 15) od fitocenološke snimke Trinajstić-a (2006) i vrlo je slična snimkama Moor-a (1958). Dosad je Trinajstić-ev (2006) nalaz pasjega trna iz 1966. godine bio posljednji zabilježeni nalaz ove vrste u Hrvatskoj. Kako su hidrološkim zahvatima uništena staništa i kako je pasji trn nestao s toga prostora novi nalaz pasjega trna i nalaz as.
Hippophao-Berberdetum
Moor 1958 (
Berberidion vulgaris
Br.-Bl. 1950) su jedini postojeći prirodni nalazi. Iz tih razloga potrebno je naglasiti da je hrvatska flora sada bogatija za jednu vrstu prirodno rasprostranjenu, a i vegetacija Hrvatske je bogatija za jednu asocijaciju kojima treba dati odgovarajuće prirodoznanstveno značenje.
Common sea-buckthorn is a glacial relict, which was, after the last glaciation, spreading to the north and higher mountain positions. In Croatia, it was widespread in Međimurje and Podravina (near Mura and Drava river – Legrad, Bukovec, Dubrava, Križovljan-grad). It is very rare in cultivation or sub-spontaneous spread, some sites are referred to the Samobor and Skradin area, and cultivated it can be found in the botanical garden of the Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Nepeš, Staro Brestje (Sesvete), by the road Sv. Helena-Bjelovar and in the Forest Park Adica in Vukovar. During the first half of the 20th century there was no new information on the distribution of sea buckthorn in Croatia, and in the second half of the 20th century, during the phytosociological survey of vegetation in the coastal zone of the river Drava in the wider Varaždin surroundings Trinajstić (1964, 1994) records several shrubs, without special phytosociological affiliation. As for Croatia, the first data on phytosociological features of the species
H. rhamnoides
brings Trinajstić (2006), based on one phytosociological relevé which, according to its floristic composition, in syntaxonomic terms belongs to the Ass.
Hyppophao-Berberidetum
Moor 1958.
The latest research on vegetation succession in Podravina, 26th of June 2015, showed a new locality of
H. rhamnoides
, north of the villages Veliki and Mali Bukovec (WGS84 Lat: 46.307054, Long: 16.727540). One
phytosociological relevé was made (Tab. 1). The analysis of the relevé shows a greater species richness (25, 15) compared to the one of Trinajstić’s (2006) and is very similar to the relevé of Moore’s (1958). So far Trinajstić-s (2006) finding of sea-buckthorn in 1966 was the last recording of this species in Croatia. As the hydrological interventions destroyed the habitats, causing the sea-buckthorn to disappear from this area, the new records of sea-buckthorn and Ass.
Hyppophao-Berberdetum
Moor 1958 (
Berberidion vulgaris
Braun-Blanquet 1950) are the only existing natural findings there. For these reasons, it should be noted that the Croatian flora is now richer for one naturally spread species, as well as the vegetation of Croatian is richer for one association which should be given an adequate importance in natural science.
Tree species with wide distributions often exhibit different levels of genetic structuring correlated to their environment. However, understanding how environmental heterogeneity influences genetic ...variation is difficult because the effects of gene flow, drift and selection are confounded. We investigated the genetic variation and its ecological correlates in a wind-pollinated Mediterranean tree species, Fraxinus angustifolia Vahl, within a recognised glacial refugium in Croatia. We sampled 11 populations from environmentally divergent habitats within the Continental and Mediterranean biogeographical regions. We combined genetic data analyses based on nuclear microsatellite loci, multivariate statistics on environmental data and ecological niche modelling (ENM). We identified a geographic structure with a high genetic diversity and low differentiation in the Continental region, which contrasted with the significantly lower genetic diversity and higher population divergence in the Mediterranean region. The positive and significant correlation between environmental and genetic distances after controlling for geographic distance suggests an important influence of ecological divergence of the sites in shaping genetic variation. The ENM provided support for niche differentiation between the populations from the Continental and Mediterranean regions, suggesting that contemporary populations may represent two divergent ecotypes. Ecotype differentiation was also supported by multivariate environmental and genetic distance analyses. Our results suggest that despite extensive gene flow in continental areas, long-term stability of heterogeneous environments have likely promoted genetic divergence of ashes in this region and can explain the present-day genetic variation patterns of these ancient populations.
Populations residing near species' low‐latitude range margins (LLMs) often occur in warmer and drier environments than those in the core range. Thus, their genetic composition could be shaped by ...climatic drivers that differ from those occurring at higher latitudes, resulting in potentially adaptive variants of conservation value. Such variants could facilitate the adaptation of populations from other portions of the geographical range to similar future conditions anticipated under ongoing climate change. However, very few studies have assessed standing genetic variation at potentially adaptive loci in natural LLM populations. We investigated standing genetic variation at single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) located within 117 candidate genes and its links to putative climatic selection pressures across 19 pedunculate oak (Quercus robur L.) populations distributed along a regional climatic gradient near the species' southern range margin in southeastern Europe. These populations are restricted to floodplain forests along large lowland rivers, whose hydric regime is undergoing significant shifts under modern rapid climate change. The populations showed very weak geographical structure, suggesting extensive genetic connectivity and gene flow or shared ancestry. We identified eight (6.2%) positive FST‐outlier loci, and genotype–environment association analyses revealed consistent associations between SNP allele frequencies and several climatic variables linked to water availability. A total of 61 associations involving 37 SNPs (28.5%) from 35 annotated genes provided important insights into putative functional mechanisms in our system. Our findings provide empirical support for the role of LLM populations as sources of potentially adaptive variation that could enhance species’ resilience to climate change‐related pressures.
The article deals with wet meadow plant communities of the alliance Trifolion pallidi that appear on the periodically inundated or waterlogged sites on the riverside terraces or gentle slopes along ...watercourses. These plant communities are often endangered by inappropriate hydrological interventions or management practices. All available vegetation plots representing this vegetation type were collected, organized in a database, and numerically elaborated. This vegetation type appears in the southeastern part of the Pannonian Plain, which is still under the influence of the Mediterranean climate; its southern border is formed by southern outcrops of the Pannonian Plain and its northern border coincides with the influence of the Mediterranean climate (line Slavonsko Gorje-Fruška Gora-Vršačke Planine). Numerical analysis established four plant associations—Trifolio pallidi–Alopecuretum pratensis, Ventenato dubii–Trifolietum pallidi, Ranunculo strigulosi–Alopecuretum pratensis, and Ornithogalo pyramidale–Trifolietum pallidi. Each association was elaborated in detail: diagnostic plant species, nomenclature, geographical distribution, climatic and ecological conditions, and possible division into subassociations. Results are presented in a distribution map, figures resulting from numerical analysis, and a synoptic table. The hydrological gradient was found as the most important factor shaping the studied plant communities. The article also brings new field data on this vegetation type, which has not been sampled for decades and is in process of evaluation to be included as a special habitat type in the Habitat Directive.
The Žumberak and Samobor highlands are situated in the north-western part of Croatia where the characteristics of the Dinarides, the Alps and the Pannonian Plain meet. The greater part of the area is ...occupied by beech forests. The aim of the study was to determine the syntaxonomic affiliation of these forest communities, and to explore their floristic and main ecological features. Numerical analyses of floristic compositions were conducted on a data-set consisting of 144 new relevés and 99 relevés from the existing literature. Relevés were made following the standard Braun-Blanquet method. For descriptions of ecological conditions Ellenberg’s indicator values were used. Six plant associations and two subassociations of beech forests were established in
and
alliances. The higher altitudes of the studied area are occupied by ass.
, whereas the lower altitudes are occupied by ass.
and
. Ass.
spreads on southern slopes and ridges, whereas ass.
occurs in ditches and on northern slopes. In the warmer habitats with shallow soils on a dolomite base ass.
occurred. A small part of the area is characterized by silicate substrate which is occupied by ass.
and
Questions
Which are the main wet and mesic grassland vegetation types along the climatic gradient on the southern margin of the Pannonian basin? Which are the most important environmental gradients ...that determine their distribution and species composition?
Location
The southern margin of the Pannonian plain (N and E Slovenia, N Croatia, N Serbia).
Methods
A database of 2,575 vegetation plots originally assigned to the Molinio‐Arrhenatheretea was compiled. Semi‐supervised classification based on the K‐means algorithm was applied to assign plots into 12 a‐priori alliances and to search for new alliances. Non‐metric Multidimensional Scaling (NMDS) ordination with Ellenberg's indicator values and bioclimatic variables were applied to show the influence of ecological conditions on species composition. The plots within each alliance were further classified into associations using the beta flexible method.
Results
Classification resulted in 12 alliances recognized in the EuroVegChecklist, and two new groups appeared. The first group occurs in the eastern part of the research area, where many ruderal species appear. This group was treated as a new alliance, Salvio nemorosae‐Arrhenatherion forming a vicariant syntaxon of the alliance Arrhenatherion. The second group occurs in the western part. It is a transitional group between mesic (Arrhenatherion) and wet meadows (Deschampsion) and can be treated as Alopecurion. Besides, three new associations and six new subassociations were described, together with the typification of seven associations and of three subassociations. Numerical analyses revealed floristic, ecological and geographical differentiation among analysed vegetation types.
Conclusions
The communities showed typical Central European features in the western part, but their floristic and ecological conditions changed towards the eastern part, where the continental influence was more pronounced. The vegetation structure and plant species composition in the studied area were influenced by soil moisture and soil nutrient availability as well as by strong biogeographical and climatic gradients.
Our research deals with floristic and ecological differentiation of mesic to humid semi‐natural meadows and pastures along a macroclimatic gradient at the southern edge of the Pannonian plain. In this gradient, various vegetation types appear reflecting also microclimatic conditions and management practices. We evaluated their floristic composition, ecology and distribution, as well as their correspondence with Annex I of EU Habitat Directive 92/43/EEC.
Croatia is among the most ecologically diverse and floristically rich countries in Europe, with a great variety of communities. The vegetation elaboration according to the standard central European ...method was initiated in Croatia at the beginning of the 20
century. In previous overviews of Croatian vegetation, the number of classes and alliances was underrepresented in relation to the country’s floristic richness. Furthermore, the level of knowledge and the amount of available data varied greatly among the various types of vegetation. The aims of this paper are mainly to compile a stabile syntaxonomic list of classes, orders and alliances dominated by vascular plants in Croatia and to adjust Croatian vegetation to the new European syntaxonomic system (EuroVegChecklist). It introduces a consistent description of high-rank syntaxa in Croatian. In conclusion, the vegetation of Croatia comprises 66 classes, 121 orders and 201 alliances. The number of syntaxa shows vegetation diversity that is rather high compared to most other European countries; this is related to the high floristic richness and endemism. The list points out the obvious problems and gaps in our knowledge of vegetation in Croatia and can serve as a baseline for the future vegetation studies.
This paper presents an invasive plant species that occur in the forests of Kalnik. It also presents the state of the distribution and their impact on forests of Kalnik. A total of 14 invasive species ...in the forests of Kalnik and these are –
Acer negundo
L.,
Ailanthus altissima
(Mill.) Swingle,
Ambrosia artemisiifolia
L.,
Amorpha fruticosa
L.,
Asclepias syriaca
L.,
Conyza canadensis
(L.) Cronquist,
Echinocystis lobata
(Michx.) Torr. et Gray,
Erigeron annuus
(L.) Pers.,
Impatiens glandulifera
Royle,
Juncus tenuis
Willd.),
Phytolacca americana
L.,
Reynoutria japonica
Houtt.,
Robinia pseudoacacia
L.,
Solidago gigantea
Aiton. Alochtonous vegetation is not only inevitable, but it also appears to be a constant future challenge in the globalizing world which communicates on all levels with every means possible. Its influence should not by any means be marginalized. Its importance and influence is not completely negative and there are possible benefits and dangers which should be controlled by the preventive measures and physical regulation. The most important species in Kalnik forest vegetation is definitely acacia. It is especially important for private forest lands where acacia tree has become very popular because of its characteristics as a fast growing tree species without any special requirements with relation to growth and it gives fast results concerning timber and firewood. Private lots are usually very small and fragmented. There is a growing need for timber, therefore the trees are grown extensively, from stumps and roots. Other woody species still do not pose a serious threat in economical or biological sense. The impact of herbaceous plants differs in various areas. The most problematic issues for the forestersare thick layers of unwanted specieswhich grow in young forest stands or in forests in the phase of restorationwhere these unwanted speciesinvasively compete with autochthonous species. In biological sense, invasive species pose a constant threat not only to domestic vegetation and biodiversity, but also to human health. We should also mention apiculture, a very important and well developed activity on Kalnik. Above mentioned species are very important and interesting for apiculture as a type of rich bee pasturage. Apiculture in this area depends on acacia pasturage and it is one of very important reasons for growing acacia tree. Other tree species are also valuable for bee pasturage, especially late in autumn when there is no other bee pasturage available and they are mostly species which blossom in autumn and represent a valuable source of pollen (Japanese Knotweed, Prickly cucumber and European goldenrod). Generally speaking, the biggest responsibility for possible consequences of invasive plant species to the vegetation of Kalnik lies on foresters who have to recognize and monitor the appearance of invasive species, especially in state forest lands where they grow and directly influence their composition and state.
U radu se navode invazivne biljne vrste koje se javljaju u šumama Kalnika. Također se navodi i stanje njihove rasprostranjenosti u Hrvatskoj i njihov utjecaj na šume Kalnika. Ukupno je zabilježeno 14 invazivnih vrsta koje u šumama Kalnika stvaraju probleme, a to su –
Acer negundo
L. (negundovac),
Ailanthus altissima
(Mill.) Swingle (pajasen),
Ambrosia artemisiifolia
L. (ambrozija),
Amorpha fruticosa
L. (čivitnjača),
Asclepias syriaca
L. (cigansko perje),
Conyza canadensis
(L.) Cronquist (kanadska hudoljetnica),
Echinocystis lobata
(Michx.) Torr. et Gray (divlji krastavac),
Erigeron annuus
(L.) Pers. (krasolika),
Impatiens glandulifera
Royle (žljezdasti nedirak),
Juncus tenuis
Willd. (nježni sit),
Phytolacca americana
L. (vinobojka),
Reynoutria japonica
Houtt. (japanski dvornik),
Robinia pseudoacacia
L. (bagrem),
Solidago gigantea
Aiton (velika zlatnica). Najviše problema u šumama Kalnika čini bagrem, i to na svim tipovima staništa i u sastojinama svih starosnih skupina, a posebno su štete značajne u mladim sastojinama te u sastojinama u fazi obnove. Na površinama nakon čistih sječa a prije pošumljavanja, u mladim sastojinama i osunčanim čistinama starih sastojina u fazi obnove, štetu čine i gusti sklopovi krasolike, ambrozije, žljezdastoga nedirka i vinobojke. Ostale navedene vrste za sada nalazimo uz rubove šuma, cesta, vlaka, obalama vodotoka te na šumskim čistinama, gdje dolaze u manjim skupinama ili pojedinačno te za sada ne čine ozbiljne štete, ali su stalna prijetnja autohtonim vrstama, kao i bioraznovrsnosti.
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