The aim of this study was molecular identification of S. aureus strains isolated from mastitic milk samples and establishing the genetic relationship between strains isolated from cows belonging to ...the same herd. In all 43 isolated strains the gap gene (930 bp) was amplified, which enabled their affiliation to the Staphylococcus genus to be established. PCR-RFLP with AluI endonuclease of the gap gene as well as nuc (450 bp) and coa (1130 bp) gene amplification allowed precise S. aureus species identification. One hundred percent of the genetic relationship between strains was established via RAPD-PCR and coa-typing.
The research was conducted on clinically healthy mares (n = 40) and foals (n = 78) during Y. pseudotuberculosis associated enzootics. The animals were divided into groups: I to IV--mares, IA to ...IVA--their offsprings, IB to IVB--foals which mothers were not treated with any medicaments. The animals in group I, IA and IB were injected with PBS; in group II, IIA and IIB--with Y. pseudotuberculosis strain-based vaccine, in group III, IIIA and IIIB--with P. acnes strain-based immunostimulator; in group IV, IVA and IVB--with P. acnes strain-based immunostimulator and (5 days after the immunostimulator injection) Y. pseudotuberculosis strain-based vaccine. The presence of antibodies was determined by means of ELISA. The study revealed anti-Yersinia pseudotuberculosis IgG only in 19 mares before, and in 25 mares and 26 foals 3 weeks after vaccination. The mean extinction 3 weeks after vaccination amounted to: II-0.489, IV-2.578, iiA-0.572, IVA-0.974, IIB-0.312, iVB-0.418. The cut-off extinction value was 0.154. The presence of anti-Yersinia pseudotuberculosis IgG before vaccination in the sera of clinically healthy mares may suggest that Y. pseudotuberculosis infection occurs definitely more often than is expected. Vaccination preceded by immunostimulation appeared to be the most efficient method of treatment against yersiniosis.
Based on already published data, the following issues have been covered in the present review: epidemiology, epizootiology and the occurrence of anthrax in man with reference to current data. ...Moreover, in the paper are presented some problems of intestinal anthrax with emphasis on environment conditions, pathogenesis, prevention and treatment of this clinical form.
The purpose of the study was to identify differences and similarities between Escherichia coli strains which do or do not utilize disaccharide sucrose by PCR-RFLP method. Investigations were done on ...chromosomal DNA level using cscA gene associated with conservative sequences. The cscA gene may be found in all of the analysed strains. Genotypic analysis demonstrated presence of the same restriction model consisted of 2 DNA fragments with size of 161 bp and 110 bp in all of E. coli strains. Results of these investigations have shown that there are no differences between E. coli strains.
The purpose of the work has been to identify Yersinia pseudotuberculosis strains and to demonstrate their potential pathogenicity using PCR reaction. Investigations included 167 samples of the water ...and 32 samples of the soil from westpomeranian region. Based on the analysis of PCR reactions the research confirmed the presence of DNA Y. pseudotuberculosis strain in 6 of the water samples and in 1 of the soil sample. The strains have been identified by nucleotide sequence of the ypm gene, which is specific only for mentioned species. Genotypic analysis demonstrated also the presence of genes, which confirmed their virulence. The PCR reaction should be used in the microbiological diagnostic of Y. pseudotuberculosis strains, isolated from animals and from environment, because it is very specific, fast and sensitive method.
Staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs) are big heterogenic group of exotoxins, rather differential in respect of their nucleotide and amino-acid homology, as well as the location of their genes, molecular ...weight and iso-electric point value. SEs were identified in 1959 as the extra-cellular proteins produced by some Staphylococcus aureus strains. These enterotoxins are known as the pyrogenic toxins and this group contains also other staphylococcal toxins (staphylococcal toxic-shock syndrome toxin--TSST-1, A and B exfoliative toxins and streptococcal scarlet fever toxin). Twenty one serological types of staphylococcal enterotoxins are distinguished. All of them are structurally and functionally similar to the toxic shock syndrome toxin (TSST-1). SEs are thermo-stabile proteins, resistant to many proteolytic enzymes (pepsin, trypsine, chymotrypsine, renine and papain), but this resistance depends on the temperature and pH. Staphylococcal enterotoxin-encoding genes are located as well in the chromosomal DNA, as on the pathogenicity island, in phages, transposones and plasmids. Enterotoxins are staphylococcal virulence factors responsible for food poisonings in humans. These proteins are also isolated from cows with mastitis. In various countries, the percentage of enterotoxin-producing S. aureus strains ranges from 5 to 60%, depending on the enterotoxine type. The variability and prevalence of enterotoxins produced by staphylococci isolated from mastitic cows is very important clinical and epidemiological problem. The analysis of enterotoxins interrelations, their structure, properties and occurrence, will provide better revealing their role in the emerging, development and spreading of human and animal diseases. Classical enterotoxins, as well as the new types of these proteins, are variable element of staphylococcal virulence that connects the occurence of mastitis with human food poisonings.
Four hundred milk samples were collected from cows. In 78 samples (19.50 percent) an increase of somatic cells was detected employing the California Mastitis Test (CMT). Therefore, those milk samples ...were plated (0.1 mL) onto bacteriological and mycological media. Cultures were incubated at 37 deg C and 20 deg C for 24h to 72h. Biochemical features of bacteria and fungi were determined in API tests and/or on liquid O-F Medium. The presence of coagulase in Staphylococcus spp. was investigated by tube test using rabbit plasma. For identification of C. albicans the germ tubes test was conducted. Based on microbiological investigation and increase of somatic cells, mastitis was confirmed in all cows, whose milk was selected for further research. The presence of bacteria was confirmed in 64.10 percent of samples, bacteria and yeast in 34.62 percent and yeast alone in 1.28 percent. Sixteen bacterial species were isolated: Staphylococcus spp. (5 species), Enterobacteriaceae (5 species), Streptococcus spp. (4 species), Bacillus cereus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Among yeasts, 15 species were identified: Candida spp. (9 species), Blastoschizomyces capitatum, Dipodascus ingens, Geotrichum candidum, Trichosporon asahii, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Torulopsis conglobata. The most frequent isolated yeasts were Candida spp., mainly C. guilliermondii (6 strains), C. kefyr (4 strains) and C. butyri (4 strains). The most frequent isolated bacteria were Staphylococcus spp. (37 strains), Streptococcus spp. (28 strains) and Enterobacteriaceae (23 strains)
The aim of this study was to define the usefulness of phenotypic determinants used in routine diagnostics and selected genotypic markers for identification and pathogenicity designation of Salmonella ...spp. strains isolated from animals. Five strains isolated from internal organs of pigs, pigeons and chinchillas, in which salmonellosis was initially recognized, were analysed. Conventional diagnostic media were used for isolation and differentiation of Salmonella spp. strains. Serological identification of these strains was done using latex test and slide agglutination method. Three swine isolates were classified as Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Choleraesuis (6.7:c:1.5. serological group C1) and two strains isolated from pigeons and chinchillas as Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Enteritidis (9:g.m:-, serological group D). Biochemical features of the strains were analysed by means of API test and differential media. Differences in biochemical activity to six substrata between Salmonella Choleraesuis and Salmonella Enteritidis strains were indicated. Basing on ability to hydrogen sulphide production, two S. Choleraesuis strains were classified as Salmonella Choleraesuis var. america. The susceptibility to 20 antimicrobial agents was carried out by disk diffusion method. Strains revealed resistance to carbenicillin and cefuroxime, variable susceptibility to amoxicillin and gentamicin and phenotypic susceptibility to all other investigated antimicrobials. The DNA rep. ori. gene, the specific marker of genus Salmonella, as well as stn, stpA and spaO genes that determine production of enterotoxin, cytotoxin and invasine respectively, were identified in all strains using PCR
