The extent to which the targeted outcomes in education are achieved can be determined by the educational assessment process. Although various alternative ways of assessment have arisen in recent ...decades, written examinations are still widely used by teachers. This study aims to determine the quality of the questions used by middle school mathematics teachers on exams. Program for International Student Assessment (PISA) proficiency levels framework constitutes the theoretical framework of the study, in which the document analysis method is adopted. In this study, where a total of 1252 written questions were examined, it was observed that teachers mostly preferred open-ended questions in terms of question types. The analysis of the questions in terms of proficiency level showed that teachers mostly preferred the questions at Level 1 and Level 2 at low cognitive level. Level 5 and Level 6 questions were never encountered at all grade levels. In the light of results, some suggestions are made for further research.
It is known that, with the development of artificial intelligence science in recent years, it has started to be used in all areas of life. Due to the increase in diseases that threaten human life, ...such as epidemics and cancer, more attention has been paid to research in this field. Especially in the field of biomedical image processing, very successful results have been obtained in recent years with the use of deep learning methods. For this study, MR images are utilized to diagnose brain tumors. To assist doctors and radiologists in automatic brain tumor diagnosis and to overcome the need for manual diagnosis, a brain MR image automated classification system is being developed. The data used in the study are open access data obtained from the Kaggle library. This paper presents a novel approach for classifying brain MR images utilizing a dataset of 7022 MR images. To give an unbiased evaluation of the dataset, it is divided into a 40% test and 60% training set. Respectively, VGG, ResNet, DenseNet and SqueezeNet architectures are trained and used for feature extraction from brain MRI images. In order to classify the extracted features, machine learning methods (Support Vector Machines, K-Nearest Neighbors, Naive Bayes, Decision Tree, Linear Regression Analysis) are applied first, then an ensemble learning method is applied and the best validation method is selected. In addition, parameter optimization is applied to the trained CNN algorithms. In order to develop the proposed methods, the Python software program was used in the training and testing phases of the models, and the classification success rates were mutually evaluated. Among the results found, it can see that the ResNet architecture reached 100% accuracy. The data obtained as a result of the study were compared with the results of similar studies. In conclusion, the techniques and methods applied highlight their effectiveness in accurately classifying brain MRI images and their potential to improve diagnostic capabilities.
This study aims to examine the mediational roles of resilience and life satisfaction in the relationship between students' achievement need and their burnout. The research group of the study consists ...of 490 (85.7% female, 14.3% male) university students continuing their education in several programs at 6 universities across Turkey. Maslach Burnout Inventory--Student Form (MBI-SF), Life Satisfaction Scale, Connor Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC), New Needs Assessment Questionnaire (NAQ)--Achievement Need Sub-dimension, and Personal Information Form were used as data collection tools in the research. According to the findings obtained from the analysis, achievement need, resilience, and life satisfaction have positive and significant relationships with the efficacy dimension of burnout. On the other hand, achievement need, resilience, and life satisfaction have negative and significant relationships with cynicism and emotional exhaustion sub-dimensions of burnout. In the mediation analysis, it was observed that resilience and life satisfaction serially mediated the relationship between the achievement need and burnout (efficacy, cynicism, exhaustion). Based on these findings, interventions aimed at increasing students' resilience and life satisfaction can be beneficial in preventing student burnout.
This one-group pretest-posttest study aims to investigate the impact of an e-mentoring application enriched with video-recorded lessons and video clips on novice mathematics teachers' lesson analysis ...skills. The participants consisted of twelve in-service teachers. The participants' ability to analyze lessons was measured through an open-ended assessment of a lesson video both before and after the intervention. The findings revealed that the intervention improved the novice mathematics teachers’ lesson analysis skills significantly. This indicates that approaches such as e-mentoring in mathematics teaching can be effective for improving teachers' lesson analysis skills.
•Classroom videos are integrated as an instructional material in the professional development of novice mathematics teachers.•The experiences in the pandemic have prompted researchers to look for different ways to educate in-service teachers.•E-mentoring has become a useful tool as a means to eliminate the barriers imposed by time and distance.•An e-mentoring content was proposed for improving teachers' professional development in terms of lesson analysis skills.
Addressing a cutting-edge, multidisciplinary field, this book reviews nanomaterials and their biomedical applications. It covers regeneration, implants, adhesives, and biosensors and strategies for ...more efficient therapy, diagnosis, and drug delivery with the use of nanotechnology. •Addresses the increasing demand for nanomedicine in a cutting-edge, multidisciplinary field •Introduces concepts, strategies, and requirements of developing materials •Discusses hot topics in drug delivery, such as neural regeneration, cartilage regeneration, bone tissue regeneration, dental regeneration, biomedical imaging, tissue adhesives and biosensors •Includes a chapter about nanotoxicology to help readers further understand the biocompatability of nanomaterials
The technological developments of the twenty-first century have enabled the emergence of alternative teaching-learning models and instructional tools. One of the concepts brought about by such ...developments is mobile learning. The aim of this study was to test the effect of mobile learning on students’ mathematics achievement. A systematic database search that included the Academic Search Complete, Education Resources Information Center (ERIC), EBSCO, JSTOR, ScienceDirect, Taylor & Francis Online, and Web of Science was carried out to examine peer-reviewed articles that met the inclusion criteria. A total of 22 quantitative research papers published between 2010 and 2020 were included in the meta-analysis. The results show that mobile learning has a medium-level positive effect (g = 0.476;
p
< .001; with a 95% confidence interval of 0.335–0.616) on students’ mathematics achievement. Moderator analyses showed that the effect sizes were not significantly moderated by grade level and implementer, while content area was found to be a moderator. Based on the results, some suggestions are offered for future studies in designed learning environments.
Hypothesizing that gamification may have a positive effect on engagement; this study hopes to contribute to the implementation of gamification by presenting evidence from a real classroom. This study ...intended to reveal the effect of gamified instructional process to student engagement and the relationship between engagement and academic performances in a real classroom. The study includes reflections from the design of a one-term ICT course in which the participants were pre-service primary school teachers enrolled at a school of education. An engagement scale, activity evaluation rubrics, a gamification evaluation form were used to collect data. Clinical interviews were used to address the relationships among gamification, engagement and achievement. The results revealed that using the combination of elements provided quite a positive motivational impact on engagement. Also the use of gamification elements indirectly affected the academic achievement due to their positive effects on engagement in the classroom. Suggestions for using gamification elements in a real classroom environment were also included.
•Combination of five gamification elements were used together to stimulate students.•Qualitative and quantitative reflections from a gamified course were examined.•Leaderboard and points worked on university students well but real gifts did not.•Gamification played significant role on engagement-academic performance relation.•Suggestions were made for the use of each gamification elements in real ICT class.
This paper examined the problem-solving and problem-posing skills of middle school students in terms of whether the factors of gender and school type have an impact, as well as to illustrate these ...skills with respect to grade levels. A total of 461 students from different middle school levels of both private and public schools participated in the study. The instrument and framework reported by Cai (2003) were applied in the data collection and analysis phases of the study. The results revealed no significant differences between private and public schools in terms of problem-solving and problem-posing skills. In terms of gender, similar characteristics were found in terms of problem-solving skills, while differences in problem-posing skills were noted. In addition, some differences were observed in terms of problem-solving and problem-posing skills according to grade level. These results are discussed in the context of the existing literature.
The purpose of this study was to investigate the potentially beneficial effects of apple cider vinegar (ACV) supplementation on serum triglycerides, total cholesterol, liver and kidney membrane lipid ...peroxidation, and antioxidant levels in ovariectomized (OVX) mice fed high cholesterol. Four groups of ten female mice were treated as follows: Group I received no treatment and was used as control. Group II was OVX mice. Group III received ACV intragastrically (0.6 % of feed), and group IV was OVX and was treated with ACV as described for group III. The treatment was continued for 28 days, during which the mice were fed a high-cholesterol diet. The lipid peroxidation levels in erythrocyte, liver and kidney, triglycerides, total, and VLDL cholesterol levels in serum were higher in the OVX group than in groups III and IV. The levels of vitamin E in liver, the kidney and erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and erythrocyte-reduced glutathione (GSH) were decreased in group II. The GSH-Px, vitamin C, E, and β-carotene, and the erythrocyte GSH and GSH-Px values were higher in kidney of groups III and IV, but in liver the vitamin E and β-carotene concentrations were decreased. In conclusion, ACV induced a protective effect against erythrocyte, kidney, and liver oxidative injury, and lowered the serum lipid levels in mice fed high cholesterol, suggesting that it possesses oxidative stress scavenging effects, inhibits lipid peroxidation, and increases the levels of antioxidant enzymes and vitamin.
Osmanlı Devleti’ndeki finansal sistem, İslam hukuku çerçevesinde şekillenirken, özellikle klasik dönemde yerel düzeyde kalmış, Tanzimat Fermanı’nın ilanından sonra ise merkezî bir hal kazanarak ...kurumsallaşma sürecine girmiştir. Klasik dönemde finansal araçlara vereceğimiz örneklerin başında orta sandıkları, avarız vakıfları, para vakıfları gelmektedir. 15. yüzyılın ilk çeyreğinde kurulan, kişinin menkûl malını vakfederek hayır amaçlı kullanılmasını sağlayan para vakıfları, bölgesel finans araçlarından biridir. Para vakıfları ile bölge halkının nakit ihtiyacı karşılanırken, ekonomik olarak hareketlenme de hedeflenmiştir. Söz konusu finans kaynaklarının devamı ise eytam sandıklarıdır. Toplumdaki yetim çocukların malları ile oluşturulan eytam sandıkları, para vakıfları geleneğinin devamı şeklinde, nakit para ihtiyacı olan kişilere bir banka işlevi görerek borç para vermişlerdir. Eytam sandıklarının yapılanma tarihi tam olarak bilinmemektedir. Bununla birlikte Osmanlı Devleti’nde ailesini kaybetmiş çocukların sosyo-ekonomik haklarını korumak amacıyla kurulmuştur. Eytam sandıkları, yetim çocukların ebeveynlerinden kendilerine intikal eden malları fon olarak alıp işleten yapılar idi. Hem yetim paralarını işletme hem de bölgesel finans kaynağı ile kredi imkânı amacı taşıyan sandıklar, zaman içerisinde kötü niyetli çalışanlar ve vasilerin hilelerine maruz kalınca, 1850 yılından sonra merkezden kontrol edilmek istenmiştir. Bu maksatla 1851 yılında sandıkları denetlemek amacıyla Eytam Nezareti kurulmuştur. Eytam sandıklarının sermayesi, vefat eden anne babanın çocuklarına bıraktıkları her türlü para, mücevherat, vakıf gelirleri, ev, bağ, bahçe, tarla, çiftlik gibi vb. akarlardan oluşmuştur. Nakit para ve mücevherat, sandıklara devredilmiştir ve belli nemalar ile nakit para talebinde bulunan kişilere, gösterecekleri teminat karşılığında borç para verilmiştir. Bedestenlerde muhafaza edilen sandıkların Eytam Nezareti binasına nakledilmesi istense de eski gelenek devam ettirilmiş ve bedestenlerde muhafaza edilmiştir. Öncelikle esnaf, tüccar, kuyumcu olmak üzere pek çok kişi ihtiyaçları çerçevesinde eytam sandıklarından nakit para talebinde bulunmuşlardır. 1851 yılından önce dağınık halde bulunan ve kuralsız çalışan sandıklar, bu tarihten itibaren belli kurallar ve sınırlamalar ile faaliyet göstermiştir. 1851 Eytam Nizamnamesi’nin kuralına göre herkese borç veren sandıklar, bundan böyle çalışanlarına ve yetimlerin vasilerine borç vermemiştir. Bu sınırlama 1906 yılına kadar devam etmiş olmakla beraber, bu tarihten sonra da yine belli kural ve sınırlamalar ile borç para vermişlerdir. Yetim çocuk reşit yaşa geldiğini ispat ettikten sonra sandıkta biriken paralar, çocuğa kadı huzurunda teslim edilip hesabı kapatılmıştır. Bizler bugün, borçların kaleme alındığı hesap defterlerinden hangi bölgede ne kadar sandık olduğu ve ne şekilde çalıştıklarına dair bilgiler elde edebilmekteyiz. Üsküdar şer’iyye sicillerinde yer alan eytam sandıkları muhasebe kayıtlarının incelenmesiyle oluşan yetim mallarının finansal kullanımına dair bu çalışma, eytam sandıklarının oluşumu ve işleyişi hakkında bilgiler sunmaktadır. 1850-1856 yılına ait Üsküdar eytam sandıklarının borç kayıtları incelendiğinde, sandıkların nizamname kurallarına değil, para vakıflarındaki vakfiyelerin kuralları ve usullerine göre hareket ettiği tespit edilmiştir. Kanaatimizce bir finansal araç olarak değerlendirilebilecek Üsküdar eytam sandıkları, nizamname kurallarına uyum sağlamakta gecikmiş, para vakıfları kurallarını terk edememiştir. Sandıklardan para talep eden ve borç alan kişiler, vade süreleri ayrıca nema oranları gibi hususlarda 1851 Eytam Nizamnamesi ve Eytam Sandıkları Nizamnamesi kurallarından bağımsız hareket etmişlerdir. Söz konusu hususların somut örnekler ve istatistiksel verilerle aktarıldığı bu çalışma, Üsküdar yetimlerinin sandıklarında yapılan muameleleri göstermeyi hedeflemektedir. Kanaatimizce özellikle Eytam Nezareti’nin kurulduğu ilk yıllarda, farklı bölgelerde de para vakıflarını devam ettiren eytam sandıkları mevcuttur. Bu husus müstakil çalışma konusudur. Zamanla taşrada faaliyet gösteren eytam sandıkları, nizamname kurallarının dışına çıkabilmiştir.
While the financial system in the Ottoman Empire was shaped within the framework of Islamic law, it remained at the local level, especially in the classical period, and after the declaration of the Edict of Gülhane, it became centralized and entered the process of institutionalization. Examples of financial instruments in the classical period include middle funds (are safe-deposit boxes in Ottoman Empire), avariz foundations (special ottoman foundation for helping one another) and money foundations. Money foundations, which were established in the first quarter of the 15th century, were one of the regional financial instruments that donate a person's movable property and enable it to be used for charitable purposes. The continuation of the aforementioned financial resources is the orphan chests (eytam funds). Orphan chests created with the property of orphaned children in the society, as a continuation of the tradition of cash foundations, lent money to people in need of cash by functioning as a bank. The exact date of the establishment of the orphan chests is not known. However, they were established in the Ottoman Empire to protect the socio-economic rights of children who had lost their families. Orphan chests were structures that received and managed the property of orphaned children inherited from their parents as funds. The chests, which aimed both to manage orphans' money and to provide loans with regional financial resources, were tried to be controlled from the center after 1850, when they were exposed to the frauds of malicious employees and guardians over time. For this purpose, Orphans Ministry was established in 1851 to supervise the funds. The capital of orphan chests consisted of all kinds of money jewelry, foundation income, houses, vineyards, gardens, fields, farms, etc. left by the deceased parents to their children,. Cash and jewelery were transferred to the chests and money was lent to people who demanded cash with certain interest rates in exchange for collateral. Although it was requested to transfer the chests kept in the covered bazaars to the Orphans Ministry building, the old tradition was continued and preserved in the covered bazaars. First of all, many people, including tradesmen, merchants and jewelers, demanded cash from the orphanage funds within the framework of their needs. Before 1851, The funds/ballot boxes were disorganised and operated without any rules, but since then they have operated with certain rules and limitations. According to the rule of the 1851 Orphans Regulations in Ottoman Empire the funds that give loans to everyone have no longer given loans to their employees and guardians of orphans. Although this restriction continued until 1906, after this date, they still lent money with certain rules and limitations. After the orphan child reached the age of majority, the money accumulated in the ballot box was handed over to the child in the presence of the judge and the account was closed. Today, we are able to obtain information on how many ballot boxes there were in which region and how they functioned from the account books in which the loans are written. This study on the financial utilization of orphans' property, which is based on an analysis of the accounting records of the orphans chests in the Üsküdar court records (şer’iyye registers), provides information on the formation and functioning of the orphans chests. An analysis of the debt records of the Üsküdar orphans chests funds for the years 1850-1856 reveals that the funds acted in accordance with the rules and procedures of the endowments in the money foundations rather than the rules of regulations. Üsküdar orphans chests, which can be considered as a financial instrument, in our opinion, were late in adapting to the rules of regulation and could not abandon the rules of the money foundations. The people who demanded and borrowing money from the funds acted independently of the rules of the 1851 Orphans Regulations in Ottoman Empire and the Orphans Chests Regulations in Ottoman Empire in terms of maturity periods and interest rates. This study, in which the aforementioned issues are presented with concrete examples and statistical data, aims to show the transactions carried out in the funds of Üsküdar orphans. In our opinion, especially in the first years of the establishment of Orphans Ministry, there were also orphans chests in different regions that continued the money foundations. This is the subject of a separate study. As time passed, the provincial funds operating in the provinces were able to deviate from the rules of regulation.
PDF
