Marlin and LCCD—Software tools for the ILC Gaede, F.
Nuclear instruments & methods in physics research. Section A, Accelerators, spectrometers, detectors and associated equipment,
04/2006, Letnik:
559, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
The next big project proposed in particle physics is the
International Linear Collider (
ILC), an electron positron collider with an energy reach of around
1
TeV
. The ongoing optimization and ...development of a detector for the ILC is only possible through the extensive use of sophisticated simulation software. In this paper we give a brief review of the software tools that are available in the currently ongoing three international detector concept studies and present two new software packages that have been developed in the context of the
Large Detector Concept (
LDC) study. The first is a
C
++
application framework that provides a platform for the distributed development of reconstruction and analysis software and the second is a conditions data toolkit. The interoperability with other software packages is discussed.
The detector description is an essential component that is used to analyze data resulting from particle collisions in high energy physics experiments. We will present a generic detector description ...toolkit and describe the guiding requirements and the architectural design for such a toolkit, as well as the main implementation choices. The design is strongly driven by easy of use; developers of detector descriptions and applications using them should provide minimal information and minimal specific code to achieve the desired result. The toolkit will be built reusing already existing components from the ROOT geometry package and provides missing functional elements and interfaces to offer a complete and coherent detector description solution. A natural integration to Geant4, the detector simulation program used in high energy physics, is provided.
PODIO is a C++ library that supports the automatic creation of event data models (EDMs) and efficient I/O code for HEP experiments. It is developed as a new EDM Toolkit for future particle physics ...experiments in the context of the AIDA2020 EU programme. Experience from LHC and the linear collider community shows that existing solutions partly suffer from overly complex data models with deep object-hierarchies or unfavorable I/O performance. The PODIO project was created in order to address these problems. PODIO is based on the idea of employing plain-old-data (POD) data structures wherever possible, while avoiding deep object-hierarchies and virtual inheritance. At the same time it provides the necessary high-level interface towards the developer physicist, such as the support for inter-object relations and automatic memory-management, as well as a Python interface. To simplify the creation of efficient data models PODIO employs code generation from a simple yaml-based markup language. In addition, it was developed with concurrency in mind in order to support the use of modern CPU features, for example giving basic support for vectorization techniques.
Detector Simulations with DD4hep Petrič, M; Frank, M; Gaede, F ...
Journal of physics. Conference series,
10/2017, Letnik:
898, Številka:
4
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Detector description is a key component of detector design studies, test beam analyses, and most of particle physics experiments that require the simulation of more and more different detector ...geometries and event types. This paper describes DD4hep, which is an easy-to-use yet flexible and powerful detector description framework that can be used for detector simulation and also extended to specific needs for a particular working environment. Linear collider detector concepts ILD, SiD and CLICdp as well as detector development collaborations CALICE and FCal have chosen to adopt the DD4hep geometry framework and its DDG4 pathway to Geant4 as its core simulation and reconstruction tools. The DDG4 plugins suite includes a wide variety of input formats, provides access to the Geant4 particle gun or general particles source and allows for handling of Monte Carlo truth information, eg. by linking hits and the primary particle that caused them, which is indispensable for performance and efficiency studies. An extendable array of segmentations and sensitive detectors allows the simulation of a wide variety of detector technologies. This paper shows how DD4hep allows to perform complex Geant4 detector simulations without compiling a single line of additional code by providing a palette of sub-detector components that can be combined and configured via compact XML files. Simulation is controlled either completely via the command line or via simple Python steering files interpreted by a Python executable. It also discusses how additional plugins and extensions can be created to increase the functionality.
DD4Hep Based Event Reconstruction Sailer, A; Frank, M; Gaede, F ...
Journal of physics. Conference series,
10/2017, Letnik:
898, Številka:
4
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
The DD4HEP detector description toolkit offers a flexible and easy-to-use solution for the consistent and complete description of particle physics detectors in a single system. The sub-component ...DDREC provides a dedicated interface to the detector geometry as needed for event reconstruction. With DDREC there is no need to define an additional, separate reconstruction geometry as is often done in HEP, but one can transparently extend the existing detailed simulation model to be also used for the reconstruction. Based on the extension mechanism of DD4HEP, DDREC allows one to attach user defined data structures to detector elements at all levels of the geometry hierarchy. These data structures define a high level view onto the detectors describing their physical properties, such as measurement layers, point resolutions, and cell sizes. For the purpose of charged particle track reconstruction, dedicated surface objects can be attached to every volume in the detector geometry. These surfaces provide the measurement directions, local-to-global coordinate transformations, and material properties. The material properties, essential for the correct treatment of multiple scattering and energy loss effects in charged particle reconstruction, are automatically averaged from the detailed geometry model along the normal of the surface. Additionally, a generic interface allows the user to query material properties at any given point or between any two points in the detector's world volume. In this paper we will present DDREC and how it is used together with the linear collider tracking software and the particle-flow package PANDORAPFA for full event reconstruction of the ILC detector concepts ILD and SiD, and of CLICdp. This flexible tool chain is also well suited for other future accelerator projects such as FCC and CEPC.
The detector description is an essential component that has to be used to analyse and simulate data resulting from particle collisions in high energy physics experiments. Based on the DD4hep detector ...description toolkit a flexible and data driven simulation framework was designed using the Geant4 tool-kit. We present this framework and describe the guiding requirements and the architectural design, which was strongly driven by ease of use. The goal was, given an existing detector description, to simulate the detector response to particle collisions in high energy physics experiments with minimal effort, but not impose restrictions to support enhanced or improved behaviour. Starting from the ROOT based geometry implementation used by DD4hep an automatic conversion mechanism to Geant4 was developed. The physics response and the mechanism to input particle data from generators was highly formalized and can be instantiated on demand using known factory patterns. A palette of components to model the detector response is provided by default, but improved or more sophisticated components may easily be added using the factory pattern. Only the final configuration of the instantiated components has to be provided by end-users using either C++ or python scripting or an XML based description.
Summary The surgical treatment of wounds located in the median lumbar area is difficult. When occurring after neurosurgical procedures, they may display a high level of complexity because of dural ...exposure, deep irregular three-dimensional contours, and bacterial contamination of the wound. The difficulty of reconstruction in that region of the body is made greater by the few possible regional flaps available in the vicinity. In order to obtain well-vascularised tissue, with good resistance to bacterial contamination and easy to shape into such defects, the reverse turnover latissimus dorsi flap is a useful surgical option. Between 1998 and 2003, four patients presented with complex lumbar wounds in our department. Three patients were adults (mean age: 63 years) and one patient was 1 year old. In all cases, reconstruction was needed in the lumbar area after surgery on the spine. All wounds presented with bacterial contamination. In three cases, dural exposure was present, while in the fourth case, a small remnant of the posterior vertebral bony lamina was still present after debridement. In all four cases, the reconstruction was successfully achieved by turning over the latissimus dorsi to reach the lumbar midline defect. In one case, the adult paraplegic patient, only the inferior part of the muscle was harvested, to preserve an innervated upper part of the muscle for upper limb function. In the four cases, long term results were excellent (the mean follow up was 3.5 years), with no residual infection.
Having found existing techniques for treatment of incisional hernias unsatisfactory, we developed a new laparoscopic approach with a Parietex Composite mesh. This study shows the preliminary results ...in order to analyze the validity of the concept on efficacy and safety. Three trocars are needed for this procedure. Non-reabsorbable sutures are mandatory for closure of large defects to avoid having to ultimately extrude the mesh. Ten to 12 cardinal stitches are applied on the polyester side of the mesh. The mesh is anchored to the anterior abdominal wall by transabdominal non-reabsorbable sutures without the use of staples or tacks. One hundred twenty patients with ventral and incisional hernias were included in this study. Early and late complications are reported, showing lower rates of morbidity and no mortality. This technique is satisfactory on the technical front, and the results are as good, or better, than in other trials.
Conformal tracking is an innovative and comprehensive pattern recognition technique using a cellular automaton-based track finding performed in a conformally-mapped space. It is particularly ...well-suited for light-weight silicon systems with high position resolution, such as the next generation of tracking detectors designed for future electron–positron colliders. The algorithm has been developed and validated with simulated data of the CLICdet tracker. It has demonstrated not only excellent performance in terms of tracking efficiency, fake rate and track parameters resolution but also robustness against the high beam-induced background levels. Thanks to its geometry-agnostic nature and its modularity, the algorithm is very flexible and can easily be adapted to other detector designs and experimental environments at future e+e− colliders.
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