The ability of light to carry and deliver orbital angular momentum (OAM) in the form of optical vortices has attracted much interest. The physical properties of light with a helical wavefront can be ...confined onto two-dimensional surfaces with subwavelength dimensions in the form of plasmonic vortices, opening avenues for thus far unknown light-matter interactions. Because of their extreme rotational velocity, the ultrafast dynamics of such vortices remained unexplored. Here we show the detailed spatiotemporal evolution of nanovortices using time-resolved two-photon photoemission electron microscopy. We observe both long- and short-range plasmonic vortices confined to deep subwavelength dimensions on the scale of 100 nanometers with nanometer spatial resolution and subfemtosecond time-step resolution. Finally, by measuring the angular velocity of the vortex, we directly extract the OAM magnitude of light.
Debate exists as to whether the higher hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels observed in black persons than in white persons are due to worse glycemic control or racial differences in the glycation of ...hemoglobin.
To determine whether a racial difference exists in the relationship of mean glucose and HbA1c.
Prospective, 12-week observational study.
10 diabetes centers in the United States.
104 black persons and 104 white persons aged 8 years or older who had had type 1 diabetes for at least 2 years and had an HbA1c level of 6.0% to 12.0%.
Mean glucose concentration, measured by using continuous glucose monitoring and compared by race with HbA1c, glycated albumin, and fructosamine values.
The mean HbA1c level was 9.1% in black persons and 8.3% in white persons. For a given HbA1c level, the mean glucose concentration was significantly lower in black persons than in white persons (P = 0.013), which was reflected in mean HbA1c values in black persons being 0.4 percentage points (95% CI, 0.2 to 0.6 percentage points) higher than those in white persons for a given mean glucose concentration. In contrast, no significant racial differences were found in the relationship of glycated albumin and fructosamine levels with the mean glucose concentration (P > 0.20 for both comparisons).
There were too few participants with HbA1c levels less than 6.5% to generalize the results to such individuals.
On average, HbA1c levels overestimate the mean glucose concentration in black persons compared with white persons, possibly owing to racial differences in the glycation of hemoglobin. However, because race only partially explains the observed HbA1c differences between black persons and white persons, future research should focus on identifying and modifying barriers impeding improved glycemic control in black persons with diabetes.
Helmsley Charitable Trust.
•Successful separation, recycling and recovering of solid oxide cells components.•Air electrode LaxSr1-xCoO3 (x = 0.6), nickel oxide, and Zr1-xYxO(2-x)/2 (x = 0.08) recovered at high purity ...level.•Physical and electrochemical characterizations of recycled compounds.•Total recovered YSZ conductivity is close to commercial product.•90–92% of the total weight of initial Ni and YSZ recovered.
In this work, a strategy for recycling and recovery of anode supported Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) ceramic components is presented. From commercial cells, electrodes and electrolyte are separated by mechanical scraping and grinding, followed by thermal and chemical treatments. Air electrode (LaxSr1-xCoO3), nickel oxide (NiO), which accounts for about 50% of the cell weight, and yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ), which is coming from both the fuel electrode and the electrolyte, were successfully separated, and 90–92% of the total weight of initial Ni and YSZ can be collected. The recovered materials are characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, (thermal, chemical) analysis and BET surface area measurement, and impurities amounts never excess 1 At.%. The conductivity level of the recycled YSZ materials was measured in air by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and is found comparable with commercial YSZ material, with a total value exceeding 6.4 10−3 S cm−1 at 700 °C. The contributions of grain and grain boundary conductivities to the total conductivity are clearly distinguishable at lower temperatures.
Knowledge and understanding of risk mechanisms associated with pediatric feeding disorder (PFD) remain limited. We aimed to investigate factors associated with PFD and their relation to specific PFD ...types according to the recent consensus WHO-based definition. We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of children with PFD and retrieved their demographic and clinical characteristics. Healthy age- and sex-matched children served as controls. Included were 254 children with PFD median (interquartile range) age 16.4 (9.5-33) months at diagnosis and 108 children in the control group median age 24.85 (14.5-28.5) months. According to the WHO-based definition, disturbances in oral intake were predominantly related to nutritional dysfunction in 118 (46.6%), feeding skill dysfunction in 83 (32.3%), medical conditions in 42 (16.7%) and psychosocial dysfunction in 11 (4.4%). In multivariate analysis, children with PFD had a higher risk for lower socioeconomic background (P < 0.01) and low birth weight (26.8% compared to 7.4%, P < 0.001). Moreover, significantly fewer children in the PFD group were breastfed (75% versus 89%, P = 0.003). There were no significant differences in any of those variables between PFD types. In conclusion, low socioeconomic status, lack of breastfeeding, and low birth weight were significantly more frequent in children with PFD. PDF manifest as multiple dysfunctions, thus highlighting the need to offer these children and their families multidisciplinary care.
•Method developed to derive water inflow into Sahelian lakes.•Applicable to current and future satellite missions.•Increased water inflow to lakes over the last 50years at different Sahelian sites.
A ...large part of the Sahel consists of endorheic hydrological systems, where reservoirs and lakes capture surface runoff during the rainy season, making water available during the dry season. Monitoring and understanding the dynamics of these lakes and their relationships to the ecohydrological evolution of the region is important to assess past, present and future changes of water resources in the Sahel.
Yet, most of Sahelian watersheds are still ungauged or poorly gauged, which hinders the assessment of the water flows feeding the lakes and the overall runoff over their watershed.
In this paper, a methodology is developed to estimate water inflow to lakes for ungauged watersheds. It is tested for the Agoufou lake in the Gourma region in Mali, for which in situ water height measurements and surface areas estimations by remote sensing are simultaneously available. A Height-Volume-Area (HVA) model is developed to relate water volume to water height and lake surface area. This model is combined to daily evaporation and precipitation to estimate water inflow to the lake, which approximates runoff over the whole watershed. The ratio between annual water inflow and precipitation increases over the last sixty years as a result of a significant increase in runoff coefficient over the Agoufou watershed.
The method is then extended to derive water inflow to three other Sahelian lakes in Mauritania and Niger. No in situ measurements are available and lake surface areas estimation by remote sensing is the only source of information. Dry season surface area changes and estimated evaporation are used to select a suited VA relationship for each case.
It is found that the ratio between annual water inflow and precipitation has also increased in the last 60years over these watersheds, although trends at the Mauritanian site are not statistically significant.
The remote sensing approach developed in this study can be easily applied to recent sensors such as Sentinel-2 or Landsat-8, to quantify the evolution of hydrological systems in ungauged Sahelian regions.
Aim
Understanding the association between pediatric feeding disorder (PFD) and age of presentation is limited. We aimed to investigate factors associated with PFD among different age groups.
Methods
...Retrospective analysis of medical records of infants and toddlers diagnosed with PFD, according to the World Health Organization‐based definition. We compared children aged 1–12 months to those aged 13–72 months.
Results
Included were 253 children with PFD (median interquartile range age 16.4 9.5–33 months at diagnosis, 56% boys). Significantly more children in the younger age group were girls (52.6% vs. 34.4%, respectively, p = .03) and preterm (25% vs. 14%, p = .03). They had more hospitalizations (34% vs. 23%, p = .03) and needed more prescription medications (36% vs. 17%, p < .01). Additionally, disturbances in oral intake were primarily linked to feeding skills dysfunction in the younger group and nutritional dysfunction in the older group (39.6% vs. 23.7% and 55% vs. 38%, respectively, p = .02).
Conclusions
Infants under 1 year old with PFD represent a distinct patient group with unique characteristics and outcomes. The age of presentation plays a significant role in children with PFD, necessitating tailored treatment strategies.
This is a retrospective analysis of medical records of infants and toddlers diagnosed with pediatric feeding disorder (PFD), according to the World Health Organization‐based definition. Significantly more children in the younger age group (1–12 months) were born preterm. They had more hospitalizations and needed more prescription medications. Additionally, disturbances in oral intake were primarily linked to feeding skills dysfunction in the younger group and nutritional dysfunction in the older group (13–72 months). Further longitudinal studies are needed in order to better assess the outcome of specific therapeutic modalities among children of different ages who are diagnosed with PFD.
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) can range from simple steatosis to steatohepatitis with or without fibrosis. The predictors for liver fibrosis and the effect of nutritional intervention on ...hepatic fibrosis in pediatric population are not well established. We aimed to investigate the predictors for liver fibrosis and the effects of short-term nutritional intervention on steatosis and fibrosis among obese adolescents with NAFLD.
Cross-sectional study among obese adolescents. Sociodemographic and clinical data were collected. Liver fibrosis was estimated by Shearwave elastography. All participants were recommended to consume a low carbohydrate diet and were followed biweekly. Blood tests and elastography were performed upon admission and repeated after 3 months.
Fifty-seven pediatric patients were recruited (35 males, mean age 13.5±2.9 years, mean body mass index BMI 38.8±9.7). Liver fibrosis was diagnosed in 34 (60%) subjects, which was moderate/severe (F≥2) in 24 (70%). A higher BMI Z score and moderate/severe steatosis correlated with moderate/severe fibrosis (P < 0.05). Seventeen patients completed 3 months of follow-up and displayed a decrease in BMI Z score (from BMI Z score 2.6±0.5 before intervention to 2.4±0.5 after intervention), with a significant decrease in liver fibrosis (P = 0.001).
Pediatric patients with high BMIs and severe liver steatosis are at risk for severe liver fibrosis. Nutritional intervention with minimal weight loss may improves hepatic fibrosis among the pediatric population.
TRN NCT04561804 (9/17/2020).
We explored the association between macronutrient intake and postprandial glucose variability in a large sample of youth living with T1D and consuming free-living meals. In the Type 1 Diabetes ...Exercise Initiative Pediatric (T1DEXIP) Study, youth took photographs before and after their meals on 3 days during a 10 day observation period. We used the remote food photograph method to obtain the macronutrient content of youth's meals. We also collected physical activity, continuous glucose monitoring, and insulin use data. We measured glycemic variability using standard deviation (SD) and coefficient of variation (CV) of glucose for up to 3 h after meals. Our sample included 208 youth with T1D (mean age: 14 ± 2 years, mean HbA1c: 54 ± 14.2 mmol/mol 7.1 ± 1.3%; 40% female). We observed greater postprandial glycemic variability (SD and CV) following meals with more carbohydrates. In contrast, we observed less postprandial variability following meals with more fat (SD and CV) and protein (SD only) after adjusting for carbohydrates. Insulin modality, exercise after meals, and exercise intensity did not influence associations between macronutrients and postprandial glycemic variability. To reduce postprandial glycemic variability in youth with T1D, clinicians should encourage diversified macronutrient meal content, with a goal to approximate dietary guidelines for suggested carbohydrate intake.
We have successfully demonstrated the first CMOS-compatible monolithic epitaxial integration of GaN-based infrared (IR) detectors on Si. The device is a GaN/AlGaN quantum cascade detector (QCD) grown ...selectively in windows on a 4-in Si (111) substrate using plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy. The CMOS compatibility of the QCD growth method was verified by applying it to Si circuitry fabricated on (100) surface of a double hetero-oriented silicon on insulator (SOI) substrate. The photo signal, centered at a wavelength of 4.6 <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">\mu \text{m} </tex-math></inline-formula>, was measured at 110 K. The zero-bias responsivity of 81 <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">\mu \text{A} </tex-math></inline-formula>/W at 18 K and detectivity of <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">1.2\times 10^{{7}} </tex-math></inline-formula> Jones were recorded.
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