We have synthesized a porous Mo‐based composite obtained from a polyoxometalate‐based metal–organic framework and graphene oxide (POMOFs/GO) using a simple one‐pot method. The MoO2@PC‐RGO hybrid ...material derived from the POMOFs/GO composite is prepared at a relatively low carbonization temperature, which presents a superior activity for the hydrogen‐evolution reaction (HER) in acidic media owing to the synergistic effects among highly dispersive MoO2 particles, phosphorus‐doped porous carbon, and RGO substrates. MoO2@PC‐RGO exhibits a very positive onset potential close to that of 20 % Pt/C, low Tafel slope of 41 mV dec−1, high exchange current density of 4.8×10−4 A cm−2, and remarkable long‐term cycle stability. It is one of the best high‐performance catalysts among the reported nonprecious metal catalysts for HER to date.
Nanocomposite catalyst: A novel Mo‐based catalyst for the hydrogen‐evolution reaction has been synthesized by directly carbonizing a composite obtained from polyoxometalate‐based metal–organic frameworks and graphene oxide at a relatively low temperature. The Mo‐based catalyst exhibits a positive onset potential, low Tafel slope, high exchange current density, and long‐term stability for the hydrogen‐evolution reaction in acidic media.
Background and Aims
Exposure to metals may promote the risk for cancers. We evaluated the associations of a broad spectrum of metals with gallbladder cancer (GBC) and gallstones.
Approach and Results
...A total of 259 patients with GBC, 701 patients with gallstones, and 851 population‐based controls were enrolled in Shanghai, China. A metallome panel was used to simultaneously detect 18 metals in serum through inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry. Logistic regression models were used to estimate crude or adjusted odds ratios (ORadj) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the association between metal levels and gallbladder disease. Among the 18 metals tested, 12 were significantly associated with GBC and six with gallstones (Pcorrected < 0.002). Boron, lithium, molybdenum, and arsenic levels were associated with GBC compared to gallstones as well as with gallstones compared to population‐based controls. Elevated levels of cadmium, chromium, copper, molybdenum, and vanadium were positively associated with GBC versus gallstones; and the ORadj for the highest tertile (T3) compared to the lowest tertile (T1) ranged from 1.80 to 7.28, with evidence of dose–response trends (P < 0.05). Arsenic, boron, iron, lithium, magnesium, selenium, and sulfur were inversely associated with GBC, with the T3 versus T1 ORadj ranging from 0.20 to 0.69. Arsenic, boron, calcium, lithium, molybdenum, and phosphorus were negatively associated with gallstones, with the T3 versus T1 ORadj ranging from 0.50 to 0.75 (P < 0.05).
Conclusions
Metals were associated with both GBC and gallstones, providing cross‐sectional evidence of association across the natural history of disease. Longitudinal studies are needed to evaluate the temporality of metal exposure and gallbladder diseases and to investigate the mechanisms of disease pathogenesis.
We evaluated whether aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) exposure was associated with later risk of developing gallbladder cancer (GBC). We measured AFB1‐lysine albumin adducts in baseline samples from the Shanghai ...Cohort Study of 18 244 men aged 45 to 64 years (recruited 1986‐1989). We included 84 GBC cases with sufficient serum and 168 controls matched on age at sample collection, date of blood draw and residence. We calculated adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) for detectable vs non‐detectable AFB1‐lysine albumin adducts and gallbladder cancer. AFB1‐lysine albumin adducts were detected in 50.0% of GBC cases, and risk of GBC was twice as high in those with detectable vs undetectable levels (OR = 2.0, 95% CI = 1.0‐3.9). ORs ranged from 1.8 (95% CI = 0.75‐4.3) for 0.5 to <1.75 pg/mg vs undetectable adduct levels to 2.2 (95% CI = 0.91‐5.6) for >3.36 pg/mg vs undetectable, suggesting a dose‐response (Ptrend = .05). When restricted to cases diagnosed before the median time to diagnosis after blood draw (18.4 years), results were similar (OR = 2.2, 95% CI = 0.80‐5.8) to those for the entire follow‐up duration. The OR was 9.4 (95% CI = 1.7‐51.1) for individuals with detectable AFB1‐lysine albumin adducts and self‐reported gallstones compared to individuals with neither. Participants with detectable AFB1‐lysine albumin adducts at baseline had increased risk of developing GBC, replicating the previously observed association between AFB1 exposure and providing the first evidence of temporality.
What's new?
Aflatoxin B1 exposure has been associated with gallbladder cancer, but only in cross‐sectional studies. This case‐control study nested within the Shanghai Cohort Study provides first evidence that exposure precedes disease development. The risk of gallbladder cancer was twice as high among individuals with detectable vs undetectable baseline aflatoxin B1‐lysine albumin adducts. The results suggested a long‐term, persistent effect of aflatoxin B1 exposure on gallbladder cancer risk, and the association was stronger among individuals with self‐reported gallstones. Aflatoxin B1 may contribute to gallbladder cancer development, and aflatoxin abatement programs could help reduce the incidence of gallbladder cancer in high‐risk areas.
Background: Ginseng, an herbal remedy, has been commonly used in Asian countries to promote longevity and health for over 2,000 years. However, the association of ginseng consumption with all-cause ...and cause-specific mortality is still unclear. We analyzed the association of total and major cause-specific mortality (cardiovascular disease CVD, cancer, and other death) with consumption of ginseng (primarily American and white ginseng).Methods: This study included 56,183 female participants with an average follow-up of 14.7 years in the Shanghai Women’s Health Study, an ongoing prospective cohort study. Data were assessed via an in-person interview conducted at baseline recruitment. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for ginseng-mortality associations after adjusting for confounders.Results: Compared with those who never used ginseng, regular ginseng use was associated with significantly reduced all-cause mortality (HR 0.92; 95% CI, 0.87–0.98). This inverse association was seen primarily among those who consumed ginseng for perceived general health benefit (HR 0.90; 95% CI, 0.85–0.96). A significant dose-response association was observed between duration of ginseng use and total mortality (HR 0.85, for using ≥6 years vs never use; P for trend <0.001), CVD mortality (HR 0.83; P for trend = 0.019), and other-cause mortality (HR 0.76; P for trend = 0.001). However, no dose-response association was observed between amount of ginseng consumption and mortality outcomes.Conclusion: Regular ginseng consumption, particularly over a long duration, was associated with decreased risk of all causes of death, death due to CVD, and death due to certain other diseases.
Although reproductive factors have been repeatedly associated with lung cancer risk, no study to date has directly evaluated the relationship with endogenous sex hormones nor with aromatase activity ...in postmenopausal never‐smoking women. A case‐control study of 397 incident lung cancer cases and their individually matched controls, nested within the Shanghai Women's Health Study, was conducted among postmenopausal women who were lifetime never smokers. Prediagnostic concentrations of sex hormones was quantitated using LC‐MS/MS assays in plasma. The product‐substrate molar ratio of estrone to androstenedione was used as an index of aromatase activity (IAA). Multivariable conditional logistic regression models were used to calculate odds ratios (ORs) for lung cancer. Baseline concentrations of estradiol, free testosterone and IAA were inversely associated with subsequent risk of lung cancer in multivariable‐adjusted models. When further adjusted for body mass index, the inverse association with estradiol was attenuated and no longer statistically significant, but the association with free testosterone and IAA remained. In analyses confined to participants having never used menopausal hormone therapy in 376 case‐control pairs, the inverse association with free testosterone and IAA was slightly strengthened. OR for the highest vs the lowest quartile of free testosterone was 0.55 (95% CI = 0.34‐0.90; Ptrend = .03), and the corresponding OR for IAA was 0.57 (95% CI = 0.34‐0.96; Ptrend = .04). Our study, for the first time, suggests that higher levels of circulating free testosterone and estimated aromatase activity may be associated with lower lung cancer risk in postmenopausal never‐smoking women.
What's new?
Reproductive factors have been repeatedly associated with lung cancer risk in epidemiological studies. However, no study to date has prospectively evaluated the association between endogenous sex hormones and lung cancer risk in postmenopausal never‐smoking women. In this nested case‐control study, the authors found that higher baseline levels of circulating free testosterone may be associated with lower risk of lung cancer in postmenopausal never‐smoking women. A similar association was found with aromatase activity, which is primarily responsible for the catalysis of estrogen production in postmenopausal women. The findings may point to novel mechanisms of lung cancer in never‐smoking women.
Animal studies have shown that polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) have antineoplastic and anti‐inflammatory properties. Results from epidemiologic studies on specific types of PUFAs for lung cancer ...risk, however, are inconclusive. We prospectively evaluated the association of specific types of dietary PUFA intakes and lung cancer risk in two population‐based cohort studies, the Shanghai Women's Health Study (SWHS) and Shanghai Men's Health Study (SMHS) with a total of 121,970 study participants (i.e., 65,076 women and 56,894 men). Dietary fatty acid intakes were derived from data collected at the baseline using validated food frequency questionnaires (FFQs). Cox proportional hazards model was performed to assess the association between PUFAs and lung cancer risk. Total, saturated and monounsaturated fatty acid intakes were not significantly associated with lung cancer risk. Total PUFAs intake was inversely associated with lung cancer risk HRs and respective 95% CIs for quintiles 2–5 vs quintile 1: 0.84 (0.71–0.98), 0.97 (0.83–1.13), 0.86 (0.74–1.01) and 0.85 (0.73–1.00), ptrend = 0.11. However, DHA intake was positively associated with lung cancer risk HRs and 95% CIs: 1.01 (0.86–1.19), 1.20 (1.03–1.41), 1.21 (1.03–1.42) and 1.24 (1.05–1.47), ptrend = 0.001. The ratio of n‐6 PUFAs to n‐3 PUFAs (i.e., 7:1) was inversely associated with lung cancer risk, particularly among never‐smokers and adenocarcinoma patients. Total PUFAs and the ratio between n‐6 PUFAs and n‐3 PUFAs were inversely associated with lung cancer risk. This study highlights an important public health impact of PUFA intakes toward intervention/prevention programs of lung cancer.
What's new?
Polyunsaturated fats have shown anti‐inflammatory and anti‐neoplastic activity. Here, the authors investigated whether eating polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) affects the risk of lung cancer. Using data from two population‐based cohort studies, the authors evaluated the impact of various dietary fats on lung cancer risk. Total fat, saturated fat and monounsaturated fat consumption showed no association with lung cancer risk. But risk decreased as PUFA intake increased. When they looked at the data on individual fatty acids, though, they found that higher intake of DHA, a component of fish oil supplements, correlated with higher lung cancer risk.
To evaluate associations of sleep duration with total mortality and disease-specific mortality in a Chinese population.
Prospective study conducted from 1996 (for women)/2002 (for men) to 2010.
A ...population-based cohort study in Shanghai, China.
None.
A total of 113,138 participants (68,548 women and 44,590 men) of the Shanghai Women's and Men's Health Studies, aged 44-79 y and 40-75 y (women and men, respectively) at sleep duration assessment, were included in the study. In-person interviews were conducted to collect information on sleep duration, socioeconomic status, living conditions, history of chronic disease, participation in regular exercise, and family history of disease. The cohort has been followed using a combination of biannual in-person interviews and record linkages with Shanghai's population-based death registry. Survival status of participants on December 31, 2010 was included as the study outcome. Relative risks were calculated using a Cox proportional model stratified by sex and comorbidity score. There were 4,277 deaths (2,356 among women; 1,921 among men) during a median follow-up time of 7.12 y for women and 6.07 y for men. Among both women and men, sleep duration showed a J-shaped association with total mortality. Hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) were 1.15 (1.01-1.32), 1.06 (0.94-1.20), 1.17 (1.04-1.32), 1.36 (1.13-1.64), and 2.11 (1.77-2.52) for women and 1.06 (0.90-1.25), 1.07 (0.94-1.23), 1.13 (1.00-1.28), 1.34 (1.10-1.62), and 1.55 (1.29-1.86) for men who slept 4-5, 6, 8, 9, and ≥ 10 h per day, respectively, compared with those who slept 7 h per day. Associations for disease-specific mortality, including cardiovascular disease, stroke, diabetes, and cancer, also generally followed the same J-shaped pattern. The sleep duration-mortality association was more evident among participants with comorbidities, but varied little by sex.
In our study population of Chinese adults, shorter and longer sleep durations were independently associated with increased risk of mortality. But longer sleep duration had a higher mortality risk of cardiovascular disease and diabetes than short sleep.
ABO blood type is an inherited characteristic. The associations between ABO blood type and risk of all cancer and specific cancers were examined in a prospective cohort study of 18,244 Chinese men ...enrolled in 1986. During the 25 years of follow-up, 3,973 men developed cancer including 964 lung cancers, 624 colorectal cancers, 560 gastric cancers, 353 liver cancers, and 172 urinary bladder cancers. Hazard ratios (HR) for all cancer and specific cancers by ABO blood type were calculated using Cox proportional hazards models. Compared with blood type A, blood type B was associated with statistically significant reduced risk of all cancers (HR, 0.91, 95% CI:0.84, 0.99). Both blood types B and AB were associated with significantly lower risk of gastrointestinal cancer and colorectal cancer, respectively. Blood type B was also associated with significantly lower risk of stomach cancer and bladder cancer, while blood type AB was associated with significantly increased risk of liver cancer. By histological type, blood types B and AB were associated with lower risk of epidermoid carcinoma and adenocarcinoma, but were not associated with risk of sarcoma, lymphoma, leukemia or other cell types of cancer. The findings of this study support a role of genetic traits related to ABO blood type in the development of cancers in the gastrointestinal and urinary tracts.
Few prospective studies, and none in Asians, have systematically evaluated the relationship between blood metabolites and colorectal cancer risk. We conducted a nested case–control study to search ...for risk‐associated metabolite biomarkers for colorectal cancer in an Asian population using blood samples collected prior to cancer diagnosis. Conditional logistic regression was performed to assess associations of metabolites with cancer risk. In this study, we included 250 incident cases with colorectal cancer and individually matched controls nested within two prospective Shanghai cohorts. We found 35 metabolites associated with risk of colorectal cancer after adjusting for multiple comparisons. Among them, 12 metabolites were glycerophospholipids including nine associated with reduced risk of colorectal cancer and three with increased risk odds ratios per standard deviation increase of transformed metabolites: 0.31–1.98; p values: 0.002–1.25 × 10−10. The other 23 metabolites associated with colorectal cancer risk included nine lipids other than glycerophospholipid, seven aromatic compounds, five organic acids and four other organic compounds. After mutual adjustment, nine metabolites remained statistically significant for colorectal cancer. Together, these independently associated metabolites can separate cancer cases from controls with an area under the curve of 0.76 for colorectal cancer. We have identified that dysregulation of glycerophospholipids may contribute to risk of colorectal cancer.
What's new?
Blood metabolites have emerged as novel biomarkers for various cancers but few studies have focused on colorectal cancer. In this prospective study, the authors identified 35 metabolites associated with colorectal cancer risk. The majority of risk‐associated metabolites were lipids, especially glycerophospholipids, pointing to a mechanistic connection between colorectal cancer and dysregulation of glycerophospholipid biology.
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