Yebes 40m radio telescope is the main and largest observing instrument at Yebes Observatory and it is devoted to Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) and single dish observations since 2010. It ...has been covering frequency bands between 2 GHz and 90 GHz in discontinuous and narrow windows in most of the cases, to match the current needs of the European VLBI Network (EVN) and the Global Millimeter VLBI Array (GMVA).
Nanocosmos project, a European Union funded synergy grant, opened the possibility to increase the instantaneous frequency coverage to observe many molecular transitions with single tunnings in single dish mode. This reduces the observing time and maximises the output from the telescope.
We present the technical specifications of the recently installed 31.5 - 50GHz (Q band) and 72 - 90.5 GHz (W band) receivers along with the main characteristics of the telescope at these frequency ranges. We have observed IRC+10216, CRL 2688 and CRL 618, which harbour a rich molecular chemistry, to demonstrate the capabilities of the new instrumentation for spectral observations in single dish mode.
The results show the high sensitivity of the telescope in the Q band. The spectrum of IRC+10126 offers a signal to noise ratio never seen before for this source in this band. On the other hand, the spectrum normalised by the continuum flux towards CRL 618 in the W band demonstrates that the 40 m radio telescope produces comparable results to those from the IRAM 30 m radio telescope, although with a smaller sensitivity. The new receivers fulfil one of the main goals of Nanocosmos and open the possibility to study the spectrum of different astrophysical media with unprecedented sensitivity.
We present a new experimental set-up devoted to the study of gas phase molecules and processes using broad-band high spectral resolution rotational spectroscopy. A reactor chamber is equipped with ...radio receivers similar to those used by radio astronomers to search for molecular emission in space. The whole range of the Q (31.5–50 GHz) and W bands (72–116.5 GHz) is available for rotational spectroscopy observations. The receivers are equipped with 16 × 2.5 GHz fast Fourier transform spectrometers with a spectral resolution of 38.14 kHz allowing the simultaneous observation of the complete Q band and one-third of the W band. The whole W band can be observed in three settings in which the Q band is always observed. Species such as CH3CN, OCS, and SO2 are detected, together with many of their isotopologues and vibrationally excited states, in very short observing times. The system permits automatic overnight observations, and integration times as long as 2.4 × 105 s have been reached. The chamber is equipped with a radiofrequency source to produce cold plasmas, and with four ultraviolet lamps to study photochemical processes. Plasmas of CH4, N2, CH3CN, NH3, O2, and H2, among other species, have been generated and the molecular products easily identified by the rotational spectrum, and via mass spectrometry and optical spectroscopy. Finally, the rotational spectrum of the lowest energy conformer of CH3CH2NHCHO (N-ethylformamide), a molecule previously characterized in microwave rotational spectroscopy, has been measured up to 116.5 GHz, allowing the accurate determination of its rotational and distortion constants and its search in space.
Background
About 1.35 million people died in traffic accidents around the world in 2018, make this type of accidents the 8th cause of death in the world. Particularly, in Spain, there were 204,596 ...traffic accidents during 2016 and 2017, out of which 349,810 drivers were injured. The objective of this study was to understand to what extent seat belt non-use and human factors contribute to drivers injury severity.
Methodology
The results are based on the information and 2016–17 data provided by the Spain national traffic department “Dirección General de Tráfico” (DGT). The discretization model and Bayesian Networks were developed based on important variables from the literature. These variables were classified as; human factor, demographic factor, conditioning factor and seat belt use.
Results
The results showed that failure to wear the seat belt by drivers are likely to increase the risk of fatal and sever injury significantly. Moreover, distraction and road type road can contribute to the accident severity.
Background: Adequate sleep is a critical factor for adolescent's health and health-related behaviors. Objective: (a) to describe sleep duration in European adolescents from nine countries, (b) to ...assess the association of short sleep duration with excess adiposity and (c) to elucidate if physical activity (PA), sedentary behaviors and/or inadequate food habits underlie this association. Design: A sample of 3311 adolescents (1748 girls) aged 12.5-17.49 years from 10 European cities in Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Spain and Sweden was assessed in the Healthy Lifestyle in Europe by Nutrition in Adolescence Study between 2006 and 2008. We measured anthropometric data, sleep duration, PA (accelerometers and questionnaire), television watching and food habits (Food Frequency Questionnaire). Results: Average duration of daily sleep was 8 h. Shorter sleepers showed higher values of BMI, body fat, waist and hip circumferences and fat mass index (P<0.05), particularly in females. Adolescents who slept <8 h per day were more sedentary, as assessed by accelerometry, and spent more time watching TV (P<0.05). The proportion of adolescents who eat adequate amounts of fruits, vegetables and fish was lower in shorter sleepers than in adolescents who slept 8 h per day, and so was the probability of having adequate food habits (P<0.05). Correlation analysis indicated that short sleep is associated with higher obesity parameters. Conclusions: In European adolescents, short sleep duration is associated with higher adiposity markers, particularly in female adolescents. This association seems to be related to both sides of the energy balance equation due to a combination of increased food intake and more sedentary habits.
We aimed to analyze prognostic factors for relapse in stage I seminoma managed by either active surveillance or adjuvant chemotherapy, and to describe the long-term patterns of recurrence in both ...groups.
From 1994 to 2008, 744 patients were included in three consecutive, prospective risk-adapted studies by the Spanish Germ Cell Cancer Group. Low-risk patients were managed by surveillance and high-risk patients were given two courses of adjuvant carboplatin. Relapses were treated mainly with chemotherapy. Patient age, tumor size, histological variant, pT staging, rete testis invasion, and preoperative serum BHCG levels were assessed for prediction of disease-free survival (DFS).
After a median follow-up of 80 months, 63 patients (11.1%) have relapsed: 51/396 (14.8%) on surveillance and 12/348 (3.2%) following adjuvant carboplatin. Actuarial overall 5-year DFS was 92.3% (88.3% for surveillance versus 96.8% for chemotherapy, P = 0.0001). Median time to relapse was 14 months. Most recurrences were located at retroperitoneum (86%), with a median tumor size of 26 mm. All patients were rendered disease-free with chemotherapy (92%), radiotherapy (5%), or surgery followed by chemotherapy (3%). A nomogram was developed from surveillance patients that includes two independent, predictive factors for relapse: rete testis invasion and tumor size (as a continuous variable).
Long-term follow-up confirms the risk-adapted approach as an effective option for patients with stage I seminoma. The pattern of relapses after adjuvant chemotherapy is similar to that observed following surveillance. A new nomogram for prediction of DFS among patients on surveillance is proposed. Rete testis invasion and tumor size should be taken into account when considering the administration of adjuvant carboplatin. Prospective validation is warranted.
•This article introduces a process to improve the randomness of five chaotic maps that are implemented on a PIC-microcontroller.•We show that function mod 255 improves the randomness of the ...pseudorandom number generators (PRNG), which is verified performing NIST SP 800-22 statistical tests, histograms, phase-plane analysis, entropy, correlation of adjacent pixels, differential attacks.•The improved chaotic maps are tested to encrypt digital images in a wireless communication scheme, particularly on a machine-to-machine (M2M) link, via ZigBee channels.•The efficiency of the proposed algorithm is tested on a PIC microcontroller, which has limited hardware resources.•The proposed scheme presents high security and robustness against cryptanalysis, it has good key space, correlation coefficients near to zero, high sensibility to differential attacks (NPCR, UACI) and good entropy.•Security analysis verifies the effectiveness of the encryption for real time applications.•The proposed encryption scheme is compatible with new wireless communication technologies, such as IEEE 802.15.4 known as Zigbee.
Recently, a lot of research has been done in chaotic cryptography field using different kinds of chaotic systems, like chaotic maps, which are being considered as one of the secure and efficient methods to protect confidential information. This article highlights that the main cryptography requirements demand that the new embedded cryptosystems have to be more efficient and secure, it means that they must be faster and offer greater security. For instance, the new cryptosystems require to be compatible with the new telecommunication protocols and, in addition, to be efficient in energy consumption. In this manner, this article introduces a process to improve the randomness of five chaotic maps that are implemented on a PIC-microcontroller. The improved chaotic maps are tested to encrypt digital images in a wireless communication scheme, particularly on a machine-to-machine (M2M) link, via ZigBee channels. We show that function mod 255 improves the randomness of the pseudo-random number generators (PRNG), which is verified performing NIST SP 800-22 statistical tests, histograms, phase-plane analysis, entropy, correlation of adjacent pixels, differential attacks, and using digital images of size 256 × 256 and 512 × 512 pixels. A comparative analysis is presented versus related works that also use chaotic encryption and classic algorithms, such as: AES, DES, 3DES and IDEA. The security analysis confirms that the proposed process to improve the randomness of chaotic maps, is appropriate to implement an encryption scheme that is secure and robust against several known attacks and other statistical tests. Finally, it was experimentally verified that this chaotic encryption scheme can be used in practical applications such as M2M and Internet of things (IoT).
The emerging field of plasmonics is based on exploiting the coupling between light and collective electronic excitations within conducting materials known as surface plasmons. Because the so-called ...surface plasmon polariton (SPP) modes that arise from this coupling are not constrained by the optical diffraction limit, it is hoped that they could enable the construction of ultracompact optical components. But in order that such potential can be realized, it is vital that the relatively poor light-SPP coupling be improved. This is made worse by the fact that the incident light that is conventionally used to launch SPPs in a metal film is a significant source of noise, unless directed away from a region of interest, which then decreases the signal and increases the system's size. Back-side illumination of subwavelength apertures in optically thick metal films eliminates this problem but does not ensure a unique propagation direction for the SPP. We propose a novel back-side slit-illumination method that incorporates a periodic array of grooves carved into the front side of a thick metal film. Bragg reflection enhances the propagation of SPPs away from the array, enabling them to be unidirectionally launched from, and focused to, a localized point.
The construction industry is one of the most important socio-economic sectors of the Spanish economy and one of the most affected by workplace accidents. An analysis of the data on accident rates is ...needed, in order to identify variables related with workplace accidents and to define the measures that need to be taken for their reduction. In this study, an analysis is conducted using Bayesian Networks and data from the 7th National Survey on Working Conditions (VII NSWC), to study the relations between workplace accidents, visiting a doctor for occupational reasons, time in the company/sector, information that workers have on workplace risks in the workplace, and information and training on workplace risks that workers have received over the past two years. The NSWC survey, which is conducted every four years, was administered to 8892 workers, in Spain, in 2011. The values derived from the analysis yield certain implications involving the aforementioned variables and how to reduce the probability of workplace accidents. From among the variables under study, information on workplace risks is the most important, with the probability of suffering an accident in the construction industry doubling when such information is insufficient. In accordance with the results, these implications could also help with decision-making focused on improvements to training and on-the-job information, intended both to prevent and to reduce workplace accidents.
•We made a literature review on accident rates.•We examined a survey carried out in Spain that involved 8892 workers.•We built Bayesian Network with the variables: information, training, contract type, time on job, the sector and the accidents.•Long-term information on workplace risks has a greater effect and lowers accident rates more than training activities.•The difference between having bad or good information makes the probability of having an accident fall from 15.38% to 8.1%.
Summary
Background
The malignant mechanisms that control the development of cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma (CTCL) are beginning to be identified. Recent evidence suggests that disturbances in specific ...intracellular signalling pathways, such as RAS–mitogen‐activated protein kinase, T‐cell receptor (TCR)–phospholipase C gamma 1 (PLCG1)–nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) and Janus kinase (JAK)–signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT), may play an essential role in the pathogenesis of CTCL.
Objectives
To investigate the mechanisms controlling disease development and progression in mycosis fungoides (MF), the most common form of CTCL.
Methods
We collected 100 samples that were submitted for diagnosis of, or a second opinion regarding, MF between 2001 and 2018, 80% of which were in the early clinical stages of the disease. Formalin‐fixed paraffin‐embedded tissues were used for histological review and to measure the expression by immunohistochemistry of surrogate markers of activation of the TCR–PLCG1–NFAT, JAK–STAT and NF‐κB pathways. Folliculotropism and large‐cell transformation were also examined.
Results
NFAT and nuclear factor kappa B (NF‐κB) markers showed a comparable activation status in early and advanced stages, while STAT3 activation was more frequent in advanced stages and was associated with large‐cell transformation. Consistently with this observation, STAT3 activation occurred in parallel with MF progression in two initially MF‐negative cases. A significant association of NFAT with NF‐κB markers was also found, reflecting a common mechanism of activation in the two pathways. Genomic studies identified nine mutations in seven genes known to play a potential role in tumorigenesis in T‐cell leukaemia/lymphoma, including PLCG1, JAK3 and STAT3, which underlies the activation of these key cell‐survival pathways. A higher mutational allele frequency was detected in advanced stages.
Conclusions
Our results show that STAT3 is activated in advanced cases and is associated with large‐cell transformation, while the activation of NFAT and NF‐κB is maintained throughout the disease. These findings could have important diagnostic and therapeutic implications.
What's already known about this topic?
Mycosis fungoides is characterized by a clonal expansion of T cells in the skin.
The mechanisms controlling disease development and progression are not fully understood.
What does this study add?
An association of the nuclear factor of activated T cells and nuclear factor kappa B pathways was found, which could reflect a common mechanism of activation. These pathways were activated in early and advanced stages at the same level.
Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 activation was associated with large‐cell transformation and was more frequent in advanced stages.
A genomic analysis of cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma‐associated genes was performed. Nine mutations were detected.
What is the translational message?
These results could have important implications for the treatment of MF in the near future.
Linked Comment: Ødum. Br J Dermatol 2020; 182:16–17.
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