We present the SEDs of a hard X-ray selected sample containing 136 sources with FSUB2-10keV/SUB>10SUP-14/SUP erg cmSUP-2/SUP sSUP-1/SUP 132 are AGNs. The sources are detected in a 1 degSUP2/SUP area ...of the XMM-Newton Medium Deep Survey where optical data from the VVDS and CFHTLS and infrared data from the SWIRE survey are available. Based on a SED fitting technique we derive photometric redshifts with sigma(1+z)=0.11 and 6% of outliers and identify AGN signatures in 83% of the objects. This fraction is higher than derived when a spectroscopic classification is available. The remaining 17SUP+9/SUPSUB-6/SUB% of AGNs show star-forming galaxy SEDs (SF class). The sources with AGN signatures are divided in two classes, AGN1 (33SUP+6/SUPSUB-1/SUB%) and AGN2 (50SUP+6/SUPSUB-11/SUB%). The AGN1 and AGN2 classes include sources whose SEDs are fitted by type 1 and type 2 AGN templates, respectively. On average, AGN1s show soft X-ray spectra, consistent with being unabsorbed, while AGN2s and SFs show hard X-ray spectra, consistent with being absorbed. The analysis of the average SEDs as a function of X-ray luminosity shows a reddening of the infrared SEDs, consistent with a decreasing contribution from the host galaxy at higher luminosities. The AGNs in the SF classes are likely obscured in the mid-infrared, as suggested by their low LSUB3-20mum/SUB/LSUPcorr/SUPSUB0.5-10keV/SUB ratios. We confirm the previously found correlation for AGNs between the radio luminosity and the X-ray and the mid-infrared luminosities. The X-ray-radio correlation can be used to identify heavily absorbed AGNs. However, the estimated radio fluxes for the missing AGN population responsible for the bulk of the background at E>10 keV are too faint to be detected even in the deepest current radio surveys.
We present the X-ray pipeline developed for the purpose of the cluster search in the XMM Large-Scale Structure (XMM-LSS) survey. It is based on a two-stage procedure via a dedicated handling of the ...Poisson nature of the signal: (i) source detection on multiresolution wavelet filtered images and (ii) source analysis by means of a maximum likelihood fit to the photon images. The source detection efficiency and characterization are studied through extensive Monte Carlo simulations. This led us to define two samples of extended sources: the C1 class that is uncontaminated, and the less restrictive C2 class that allows for 50 per cent contamination. The resulting predicted selection function is presented and the comparison to the current XMM-LSS confirmed cluster sample shows very good agreement. We arrive at average predicted source densities of about seven C1 and 12 C2 per deg2, which is higher than any available wide field X-ray survey. We finally note a substantial deviation of the predicted redshift distribution for our samples from the one obtained using the usual assumption of a flux-limited sample.
Following the presentation of the XMM-Large Scale Structure (XMM-LSS) survey X-ray source detection package by Pacaud et al., we provide the source lists for the first surveyed 5.5 deg2. The ...catalogues pertain to the 0.5–2 and 2–10 keV bands and contain in total 3385 point-like or extended sources above a detection likelihood of 15 in either band. The agreement with deep log N– log S is excellent. The main parameters considered are position, count rate, source extent with associated likelihood values. A set of additional quantities such as astrometric corrections and fluxes are further calculated while errors on the position and count rate are deduced from simulations. We describe the construction of the band-merged catalogue allowing rapid subsample selection and easy cross-correlation with external multiwavelength catalogues. A small optical Canada–France–Hawaii Telescope Legacy Survey multiband subset of objects are associated with each source along with an X-ray/optical overlay. We make the full X-ray images available in FITS format. The data are available at the Centre de Données de Strasbourg and, in a more extended form, at the Milan XMM-LSS survey data base.
We present the XMM Large-Scale Structure Survey (XMM-LSS) cluster catalogue corresponding to the Canada–France–Hawaii Telescope Legacy Survey D1 area. The list contains 13 spectroscopically ...confirmed, X-ray selected galaxy clusters over 0.8 deg2 to a redshift of unity and so constitutes the highest density sample of clusters to date. Cluster X-ray bolometric luminosities range from 0.03 to 5 × 1044 erg s−1. In this study, we describe our catalogue construction procedure: from the detection of X-ray cluster candidates to the compilation of a spectroscopically confirmed cluster sample with an explicit selection function. The procedure further provides basic X-ray products such as cluster temperature, flux and luminosity. We detected slightly more clusters with (0.5–2.0 keV) X-ray fluxes of >2 × 10−14 erg s−1 cm−2 than we expected based on expectations from deep ROSAT surveys. We also present the luminosity–temperature relation for our nine brightest objects possessing a reliable temperature determination. The slope is in good agreement with the local relation, yet compatible with a luminosity enhancement for the 0.15 < z < 0.35 objects having 1 < T < 2 keV, a population that the XMM-LSS is identifying systematically for the first time. The present study permits the compilation of cluster samples from XMM images whose selection biases are understood. This allows, in addition to studies of large-scale structure, the systematic investigation of cluster scaling law evolution, especially for low mass X-ray groups which constitute the bulk of our observed cluster population. All cluster ancillary data (images, profiles, spectra) are made available in electronic form via the XMM-LSS cluster data base.
Aims. Our goal is to probe the populations of obscured and unobscured AGN investigating their optical-IR and X-ray properties as a function of X- ray flux, luminosity and redshift within a hard X-ray ...selected sample with wide multiwavelength coverage. Methods. We selected a sample of 136 X-ray sources detected at a significance of \geq3 \sigma in the 2-10 keV band ( F sub(2-10) \ga 10 super(-14) erg cm super(-2) s super(-1)) in a similar to 1 deg super(2) area in the XMM Medium Deep Survey (XMDS). The XMDS area is covered with optical photometry from the VVDS and CFHTLS surveys and infrared Spitzer data from the SWIRE survey. Based on the X-ray luminosity and X-ray to optical ratio, 132 sources are likely AGN, of which 122 have unambiguous optical-IR identification. The observed optical and IR spectral energy distributions of all identified sources are fitted with AGN/galaxy templates in order to classify them and compute photometric redshifts. X-ray spectral analysis is performed individually for sources with a sufficient number of counts and using a stacking technique for subsamples of sources at different flux levels. Hardness ratios are used to estimate X-ray absorption in individual weak sources. Results. 70% of the AGN are fitted by a type 2 AGN or a star forming galaxy template. We group them together in a single class of "optically obscured" AGN. These have "red" optical colors and in about 60% of cases show significant X-ray absorption (N_{\rm H} > 10 super(22) cm super(-2)). Sources with SEDs typical of type 1 AGN have "blue" optical colors and exhibit X-ray absorption in about 30% of cases. The stacked X-ray spectrum of obscured AGN is flatter than that of type 1 AGN and has an average spectral slope of \Gamma = 1.6. The subsample of objects fitted by a star forming galaxy template has an even harder stacked spectrum, with \Gamma \sim 1.2- 1.3. The obscured fraction is larger at lower fluxes, lower redshifts and lower luminosities. X-ray absorption is less common than "optical" obscuration and its incidence is nearly constant with redshift and luminosity. This implies that at high luminosities X-ray absorption is not necessarily related to optical obscuration. The estimated surface densities of obscured, unobscured AGN and type 2 QSOs are respectively 138, 59 and 35 deg super(-2) at 10 logical and --> F > 10 super(-14) erg cm super(-2) s super(-1).
Aims.Our goal is to characterize AGN populations by comparing their X-ray and optical classifications within the framework of the standard orientation-based unified scheme. Methods.We present a ...sample of 99 spectroscopically identified (R ≤ 22 mag) X-ray selected point sources in the XMM-LSS survey which are significantly detected (≥3σ) in the 2-10 keV band with fluxes between 8 $\times$ 10-15 and 8 $\times$ 10-14 erg s-1 cm-2, and which have more than 80 counts. We have compared their X-ray and optical classifications. To this end, we performed an X-ray spectral analysis for all of these 99 X-ray sources in order to assess whether they are intrinsically absorbed or not. The X-ray classification is based on the measured intrinsic column density. The optical classification is based on the measured FWHM of the permitted emission lines, the absence of broad lines being due to obscuration within the framework of the standard AGN unified scheme. Results.Introducing the fourfold point correlation coefficient r, we find a mild correlation between the X-ray and the optical classifications (r = 0.28), as up to 32 X-ray sources out of 99 have differing X-ray and optical classifications: on one hand, 10% of the type 1 sources (7/32) present broad emission lines in their optical spectra and strong absorption (N$_{{\rm H}}$$^{{\rm int}}$ ≥ 1022 cm-2) in the X-rays. These objects are highly luminous AGN lying at high redshift and thus dilution effects by the host galaxy light are totally ruled out, their discrepant nature being an intrinsic property instead. Their X-ray luminosities and redshifts distributions are consistent with those of the unabsorbed X-ray sources with broad emission lines (L2-10 ~ 4 $\times$ 1044 erg s-1; z ~ 1.9). On the other hand, 25/32 are moderate luminosity (L2-10 ≤ 5 $\times$ 1043 erg s-1) AGN, which are both unabsorbed in the X-rays and only present narrow emission lines in their optical spectra. Based on their line ratios in the optical, the majority of them have an optical spectrum which is more representative of the host galaxy rather than of a reddened AGN. We finally infer that dilution of the AGN by the host galaxy seems to account for their nature. 5/25 have been defined as Seyfert 2 based on their optical spectra. In conclusion, most of these 32 discrepant cases can be accounted for by the standard AGN unified scheme, as its predictions are not met for only 12% of the 99 X-ray sources.
The XMM-LSS survey : The XMDS/VVDS 4σ catalogue CHIAPPETTI, L; TAJER, M; LE FEVRE, O ...
Astronomy and astrophysics (Berlin),
08/2005, Letnik:
439, Številka:
1
Journal Article, Web Resource
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We present a first catalogue of X-ray sources resulting from the central area of the XMM-LSS (Large Scale Structure survey). We describe the reduction procedures and the database tools we developed ...and used to derive a well defined catalogue of X-ray sources. The present catalogue is limited to a sub-sample of 286 sources detected at 4 sigma in the 1 deg super(2) area covered by the photometric VVDS (VIRMOS VLT Deep Survey), which allows us to provide optical and radio identifications. We also discuss the X-ray properties of a larger X-ray sample of 536 sources detected at >4 sigma in the full 3 deg super(2) area of the XMM Medium Deep Survey (XMDS) independently of the optical identification. We also derive the log N - log S relationship for a sample of more than one thousand sources that we discuss in the context of other surveys at similar fluxes.
We analyze X-ray sources detected over 4.2 pseudo-contiguous sq. deg. in the 0.5–2 keV and 2–10 keV bands down to fluxes of $2\times 10^{-15}$ and $8\times 10^{-15}$ erg s-1 cm-2 respectively, as ...part of the XMM-Newton Large Scale Structure Survey. The log N–log S in both bands shows a steep slope at bright fluxes, but agrees well with other determinations below ~$2 \times 10^{-14}$ erg s-1 cm-2. The detected sources resolve close to 30 per cent of the X-ray background in the 2–10 keV band. We study the two-point angular clustering of point sources using nearest neighbours and correlation function statistics and find a weak, positive signal for ~1130 sources in the 0.5–2 keV band, but no correlation for ~400 sources in the 2–10 keV band below scales of 100 arcsec. A sub-sample of ~200 faint sources with hard X-ray count ratios, that is likely to be dominated by obscured AGN, does show a positive signal with the data allowing for a large angular correlation length, but only at the ~2 (3)σ level, based on re-sampling (Poisson) statistics. We discuss possible implications and emphasize the importance of wider, complete surveys in order to fully understand the large scale structure of the X-ray sky.
Aims.RXS J113155.4-123155 (z=0.66) is a quadruply imaged lensed quasar with a resolved Einstein Ring. The goal of this paper is to provide a full characterization of this system, and more ...particularly accurate astrometry and photometry. These observational constraints constitute a mandatory ingredient for the precise determination of the lens mass profile, the derivation of the Hubble constant HSUB0/SUB from time delay measurements and investigations on the presence of massive substructures in the lensing galaxy.Methods.Visible and near-infrared imaging observations of RXS J113155.4-123155 were carried out at various epochs using several ground based telescopes and the HST. The frames have been deconvolved using the MCS algorithm. A Singular Isothermal Ellipsoid (SIE) + external shear has been used to model the lensing galaxy potential. Results. MCS deconvolution enables us to separate the flux of the QSO (point-like images) from that of its host galaxy and to accurately track the flux variations of the point-like images in various filters. The deconvolved frames unveil several multiply imaged structures in the Einstein ring and an unidentified object in the vicinity of the lensing galaxy. We discuss the lightcurves and the chromatic flux ratio variations and deduce that both intrinsic variability and microlensing took place during a span longer than one year. We demonstrate that microlensing may easily account for the so called anomalous flux ratios presented in the discovery paper. However, the observed flux ratios are still poorly reproduced when modeling the lens potential with a SIE+shear. We argue that this disagreement can hardly be explained by milli-lensing caused by substructures in the lensing galaxy. A solution proposed in Paper II consists in a more complex lens model including an octupole term to the lens gravitational potential.
Aims. We present a sample of candidate quasars selected using the KX-technique. The data cover 0.68 degSUP2/SUP of the X-ray Multi-Mirror (XMM) Large-Scale Structure (LSS) survey area where ...overlapping multi-wavelength imaging data permits an investigation of the physical nature of selected sources. Methods: The KX method identifies quasars on the basis of their optical (R and z') to near-infrared (K_s) photometry and point-like morphology. We combine these data with optical (u^*,g', r',i',z') and mid-infrared (3.6-24 mum) wavebands to reconstruct the spectral energy distributions (SEDs) of candidate quasars. Results: Of 93 sources selected as candidate quasars by the KX method, 25 are classified as quasars by the subsequent SED analysis. Spectroscopic observations are available for 12/25 of these sources and confirm the quasar hypothesis in each case. Even more, 90% of the SED-classified quasars show X-ray emission, a property not shared by any of the false candidates in the KX-selected sample. Applying a photometric redshift analysis to the sources without spectroscopy indicates that the 25 sources classified as quasars occupy the interval 0.7 <= z <= 2.5. The remaining 68/93 sources are classified as stars and unresolved galaxies.
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