Shear thinning and brittle failure of silicate melt control the dynamics of volcanic eruptions, but their molecular‐scale origin is still unclear. Here, we conducted tension and compression ...experiments on silicate melts, using time‐resolved X‐ray diffraction. Our experiments revealed that the intermediate‐range ordering of silicate structures, that is, the ring size formed by the SiO4 tetrahedra, demonstrated elastic and anisotropic dilation under tension and shrinkage under compression in the non‐Newtonian regime. In contrast, there were no significant changes in short‐range ordering, such as Si–O and Si–Si distances. Based on these findings, we inferred that shear thinning observed under high stress originates from the formation of anisotropically deformed large and small rings in silicate structures that are energetically unfavorable and unstable. Brittle failure occurred under high‐stress conditions, in both tension and compression. We propose a stress criterion as a necessary and sufficient condition for magma failure, rather than a strain rate criterion.
Plain Language Summary
Explosive volcanic eruptions occur when magma fragments and volcanic gases are released to the surface. However, magma is originally a continuous fluid that behaves like a liquid in the crust. To understand how magma fails during volcanic eruptions, we need to uncover the underlying mechanisms. This challenge was identified over four decades ago, and researchers proposed conducting molecular‐scale experiments on magma deformation to shed light on its complex behavior, including brittle failure. However, this has been difficult to achieve experimentally. In this study, we used powerful X‐ray sources at SPring‐8 in Japan to address this challenge. Our findings reveal that the complex behavior of magma originates from previously unrecognized molecular‐scale elastic and anisotropic deformation. Finally, we propose a criterion for magma failure that can help determine whether an eruption will be explosive.
Key Points
Molecular‐scale elastic and anisotropic deformation of the silicate melt was observed under tension (dilation) and compression (shrinkage)
Formation of large and small rings by the SiO4 tetrahedra could be the origin of shear thinning and brittle failure in the silicate melt
Stress condition is “the necessary and sufficient condition” for the magma failure criterion
This article examines postdisaster public health activities (focusing primarily on parenting support) through collaboration between universities and local government, and reports on the support ...provided to public health nurses, who are the gatekeepers of community health. For a year after the Fukushima disaster, discussions were held on the short- and long-term measures for responding to the concerns of parents, who face difficulty interpreting risks. Child health checkup data and mothers’ counselling sessions with public health nurses were analysed to gather evidence to reinforce the health system over the long term. As the results of the analysis showed a need for the development of a system for communicating health information in ways that are accessible to residents, a health literacy training programme was developed and implemented for public health nurses in Fukushima Prefecture.
Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) are more likely to experience falls and fractures due to renal osteodystrophy and the high prevalence of risk factors for falls. However, it is not well ...established how great the risk is for falls and fractures for the different stages of CKD compared to the general population. The objective of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to assess whether, and in which degree, CKD was associated with falls and fractures in adults. A systematic search in PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, and The Cochrane Library was performed on 7 September 2018. All retrospective, cross-sectional, and longitudinal studies of adults (18 years of older) that studied the association between CKD, fractures, and falls were included. Additional studies were identified by cross-referencing. A total of 39 publications were included, of which two publications assessed three types of outcome and four publications assessed two types of outcome. Ten studies focused on accidental falling; seventeen studies focused on hip, femur, and pelvis fractures; seven studies focused on vertebral fractures; and thirteen studies focused on any type of fracture without further specification. Generally, the risk of fractures increased when kidney function worsened, with the highest risks in the patients with stage 5 CKD or dialysis. This effect was most pronounced for hip fractures and any type of fractures. Furthermore, results on the association between CKD and accidental falling were contradictory. Compared to the general population, fractures are highly prevalent in patients with CKD. Besides more awareness of timely fracture risk assessment, there also should be more focus on fall prevention.
Aims
To assess the predictive ability of a genetic risk score for the incidence of Type 2 diabetes in a general Japanese population.
Methods
This prospective case–control study, nested within a Japan ...Public Health Centre‐based prospective study, included 466 participants with incident Type 2 diabetes over a 5‐year period (cases) and 1361 control participants, as well as 1463 participants with existing diabetes and 1463 control participants. Eleven susceptibility single nucleotide polymorphisms, identified through genome‐wide association studies and replicated in Japanese populations, were analysed.
Results
Most single nucleotide polymorphism loci showed directionally consistent associations with diabetes. From the combined samples, one single nucleotide polymorphism (rs2206734 at CDKAL1) reached a genome‐wide significance level (odds ratio 1.28, 95% CI 1.18–1.40; P = 1.8 × 10–8). Three single nucleotide polymorphisms (rs2206734 in CDKAL1, rs2383208 in CDKN2A/B, and rs2237892 in KCNQ1) were nominally significantly associated with incident diabetes. Compared with the lowest quintile of the total number of risk alleles, the highest quintile had a higher odds of incident diabetes (odds ratio 2.34, 95% CI 1.59–3.46) after adjusting for conventional risk factors such as age, sex and BMI. The addition to the conventional risk factor‐based model of a genetic risk score using the 11 single nucleotide polymorphisms significantly improved predictive performance; the c‐statistic increased by 0.021, net reclassification improved by 6.2%, and integrated discrimination improved by 0.003.
Conclusions
Our prospective findings suggest that the addition of a genetic risk score may provide modest but significant incremental predictive performance beyond that of the conventional risk factor‐based model without biochemical markers.
What's new?
Evidence regarding the predictive ability of a genetic risk score (GRS) for the incidence of Type 2 diabetes among Asian populations is scarce.
In this prospective, large‐scale, nested, case–control study, we investigated whether incorporating a GRS, constructed using 11 susceptibility single nucleotide polymorphisms identified through genome‐wide association studies, would improve the prediction of incident diabetes in comparison with models using non‐genetic risk factors in a Japanese population.
We found that the addition of a GRS to a conventional risk factor‐based model without biochemical markers significantly improved predictive performance, with an overall reclassification improvement of 6.2%.
Wideband acoustic waves, both inaudible infrasound (<20 Hz) and audible component (>20 Hz), generated by strombolian eruptions were recorded at 5 kHz and correlated with video images. The high sample ...rate revealed that in addition to the known initial infrasound, the acoustic signal includes an energetic high‐frequency (typically >100 Hz) coda. This audible signal starts before the positive infrasound onset goes negative. We suggest that the infrasonic onset is due to magma doming at the free surface, whereas the immediate high‐frequency signal reflects the following explosive discharge flow. During strong gas‐rich eruptions, positively skewed shockwave‐like components with sharp compression and gradual depression appeared. We suggest that successive bursting of overpressurized small bubbles and the resultant volcanic jets sustain the highly gas‐rich explosions and emit the audible sound. When the jet is supersonic, microexplosions of ambient air entrained in the hot jet emit the skewed waveforms.
Key Points
Audible band dominates Stromboli acoustic wave and reflects explosion dynamics
The initial large bubble breaks without oscillating in many cases
Supersonic jet by successive bubble burst excites asymmetrical crackle sound
A geriatric assessment is an appropriate method for identifying frail elderly patients. In CKD, it may contribute to optimize personalized care. However, a geriatric assessment is time consuming. The ...purpose of our study was to compare easy to apply frailty screening tools with the geriatric assessment in patients eligible for dialysis.
A total of 123 patients on incident dialysis ≥65 years old were included <3 weeks before to ≤2 weeks after dialysis initiation, and all underwent a geriatric assessment. Patients with impairment in two or more geriatric domains on the geriatric assessment were considered frail. The diagnostic abilities of six frailty screening tools were compared with the geriatric assessment: the Fried Frailty Index, the Groningen Frailty Indicator, Geriatric8, the Identification of Seniors at Risk, the Hospital Safety Program, and the clinical judgment of the nephrologist. Outcome measures were sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value.
In total, 75% of patients were frail according to the geriatric assessment. Sensitivity of frailty screening tools ranged from 48% (Fried Frailty Index) to 88% (Geriatric8). The discriminating features of the clinical judgment were comparable with the other screening tools. The Identification of Seniors at Risk screening tool had the best discriminating abilities, with a sensitivity of 74%, a specificity of 80%, a positive predictive value of 91%, and a negative predictive value of 52%. The negative predictive value was poor for all tools, which means that almost one half of the patients screened as fit (nonfrail) had two or more geriatric impairments on the geriatric assessment.
All frailty screening tools are able to detect geriatric impairment in elderly patients eligible for dialysis. However, all applied screening tools, including the judgment of the nephrologist, lack the discriminating abilities to adequately rule out frailty compared with a geriatric assessment.
Tongue muscle damage impairs speaking and eating, thereby degrading overall health and quality of life. Skeletal muscles of the body are diverse in embryonic origin, anatomic location, and gene ...expression profiles. Responses to disease, atrophy, aging, or drugs vary among different muscles. Currently, most muscle studies are focused on limb muscles and the tongue is neglected. The regenerative ability of tongue muscle remains unknown, and thus there is need for tongue muscle research models. Here, we present a comprehensive characterization of the spatiotemporal dynamics in a mouse model of tongue muscle regeneration and establish a method for the isolation of primary tongue-derived satellite cells. We compare and contrast our observations with the tibialis anterior (TA) limb muscle. Acute injury was induced by intramuscular injection of cardiotoxin, a cytolytic agent, and examined at multiple timepoints. Initially, necrotic myofibers with fragmented sarcoplasm became infiltrated with inflammatory cells. Concomitantly, satellite cells expanded rapidly. Seven days postinjury, regenerated myofibers with centralized nuclei appeared. Full regeneration, as well as an absence of fibrosis, was evident 21 d postinjury. Primary tongue-derived satellite cells were isolated by enzymatic separation of tongue epithelium from mesenchyme followed by magnetic-activated cell sorting. We observed that tongue displays an efficient regenerative response similar to TA but with slightly faster kinetics. In vitro, tongue-derived satellite cells differentiated robustly into mature myotubes with spontaneous contractile behavior and myogenic marker expression. Comparison of gene expression signatures between tongue and TA-derived satellite cells revealed differences in the expression of positional-identity genes, including the HOX family. In conclusion, we have established a model for tongue regeneration useful for investigations of orofacial muscle biology. Furthermore, we showed that tongue is a viable source of satellite cells with unique properties and inherited positional memory.
This study analyzes the change in the sense of food safety over time, from 2 years before to 8 years after the Fukushima accident in 2011, and its association with social connectedness using cohort ...data, taking into account regional differences in Fukushima Prefecture.
Repeated cross-sectional data from Fukushima Prefectural Government from 2009 to 2018 were used.
We randomly selected 1300 people every fiscal year (FY). The survey gathered data on age, gender, occupation, residential region, and the explanatory variables ‘sense of social connectedness’ and ‘recovery-related information source’ (information source). The prefecture was divided into three regions for the survey—Hamadori region, where the nuclear power plant is located, Nakadori region, where the air dose rate after the earthquake was high, and in Aizu, far from the nuclear power station but has suffered from harmful rumors.
Focusing on FY 2014, when the sense of safety first showed recovery, we performed a binominal logistic regression analysis with ‘sense of safety’ as the outcome and ‘sense of social connectedness’ and ‘information source’ as the explanatory variables. The sense of safety significantly decreased in all regions in 2011 relative to earlier years. The sense of food safety decreased markedly in Hamadori and Nakadori but started to improve 3 years after the earthquake and reached the pre-earthquake level in 2018. The effect sizes were larger in the Hamadori region and in Nakadori than in Aizu. In FY 2014, multivariate analysis found that a sense of food safety was significantly positively associated with a sense of social connectedness, whereas the use of information from newspapers and TV and word of mouth was negatively associated.
Although the recovery of a sense of food safety may take some time, a focus on social connectedness during recovery and scrutiny of information sources may facilitate recovery. Health communication has an important role when the provider sends information intelligibly and the recipient can distinguish good news from bad and link it to self-determination. It is necessary to improve literacy.
Aims
To evaluate the effect of multifaceted interventions using the Achievable Benchmark of Care (ABC) method for improving the technical quality of diabetes care in primary care settings.
Methods
We ...conducted a 1‐year cluster randomized controlled trial in 22 regions divided into an intervention group (IG) or control group (CG). Physicians in the IG received a monthly report of their care quality, with the top 10% quality of diabetes care scores for all physicians being the achievable benchmark. The change in quality‐of‐care scores between the IG and CG during follow‐up was analysed using a generalized linear model considering clustering.
Results
A total of 2199 patients were included. Their mean (sd) age was 56.5 ± 5.9 years and the mean (sd) HbA1c level was 56.4 ± 13.3 mmol/mol (7.4 ± 1.2%). The quality‐of‐care score in the CG changed from 50.2%‐point at baseline to 51%‐point at 12 months, whereas the IG score changed from 49.9%‐point to 69.6%‐point, with statistically significant differences between the two groups during follow‐up the effect of intervention was 19.0%‐point (95% confidence interval 16.7%‐ to 21.3%‐point; P < 0.001).
Conclusions
Multifaceted intervention, measuring quality‐of‐care indicators and providing feedback regarding the quality of diabetes care to physicians with ABC, was effective for improving the technical quality of care in patients with Type 2 diabetes in primary care settings. (Trial Registration: umin.ac.jp/ctr as UMIN000002186)
What's new?
The effect of the Achievable Benchmark of Care (ABC) method in improving the quality of care has not been extensively studied in the field of diabetes care.
We evaluated the effect of multifaceted interventions using the ABC method to improve the technical quality of diabetes care in a prospective, cluster randomized controlled trial in primary care settings in Japan.
This study provided information on the strategies for improving the technical quality of diabetes care in primary care settings.
Lipoma preferred partner (LPP) is a LIM domain protein, which has multiple functions as an actin-binding protein and a transcriptional coactivator, and it has been suggested that LPP has some roles ...in cell migration or invasion, however, its role in cancer cells remains to be elucidated. Here, we showed that LPP degraded N-cadherin in lung cancer, PC14PE6 cells via regulating the expression of matrix metalloproteinase 15 (MMP-15), and loss-of-LPP increases collective cell migration (CCM) and dissemination consequently. Knockdown of LPP and its functional partner, Etv5, markedly restores the full-length N-cadherin and increases cell-cell adhesion. We investigated the common target of LPP and Etv5, and found that MMP-15 is transcribed as their direct transcriptional target. Furthermore, MMP-15 could directly digest the N-cadherin extracellular domain. LPP knockdown in PC14PE6 cells increases N-cadherin-dependent CCM in the three-dimensional collagen gel invasion assays, and promoted the dissemination of cancer cells when they were orthotopically implanted in nude mice. Immunohistochemistry of lung adenocarcinoma specimens revealed the heterogeneity of LPP intensity and complementary expression of LPP and N-cadherin in the primary tumors. These findings suggest that loss-of-LPP, Etv5 or MMP-15 can be a prognostic marker of increasing malignancy.
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