We investigate the origin of the soft X-ray excess emission from Ark 564 and Mrk 1044. Based on a long XMM-Newton observation of Ark 564, we find clear evidence for time delays such that the ...variations in the 4-10 kev band lag behind that in the 0.2-0.5 kev band by 1768 plus or minus 122 s. The full-band power density spectrum (PDS) of Ark 564 has a break at approximately 1.2 x 1 super(-3) Hz with power-law indices of similar to 1 and similar to 3 below and above the break. The hard (3-10 kev) band PDS is stronger and flatter than that in the soft (0.2-0.5) band. Based on a short XMM-Newton observation of Mrk 1044, we find no correlation between the 0.2-0.3 and 5-10 kev bands at zero lag. These observations imply that the soft excess is not the reprocessed hard X-ray emission. The EPIC-pn spectrum of Ark 564 is best described by a complex model consisting of optically thick Comptonization in a cool plasma for the soft excess and a steep power law, modified by two warm absorber media as inferred from the RGS data. The smeared wind and optically thick Comptonization models both describe the spectrum of Mrk 1044 satisfactorily, but the ionized reflection model requires extreme parameters. The data suggest two component coronas-a cool, optically thick corona for the soft excess and a hot corona for the power-law component. The existence of a break in the soft band PDS suggests a compact cool corona that can either be an ionized surface of the inner disk or an inner optically thick region coupled to a truncated disk.
The additive manufacturing (AM) of the γ` precipitation strengthened Ni-base superalloys still remains a challenge due to their susceptibility to micro-cracking. Post-processing, such as HIPing, has ...been shown to heal the micro-cracks but it remains desirable to prevent the micro-cracking from even occurring. Numerous studies highlighting potential mechanisms for micro-cracking exist but few solutions have been demonstrated. The intent of this study was to identify the micro-crack mechanisms and demonstrate how process and alloy modifications can reduce the micro-cracking. The micro-crack surfaces exhibit a dendritic appearance that is indicative of solidification cracking. Additionally, Gleeble experiments, simulating the L-PBF induced Heat Affected Zone (HAZ), were conducted below the γ` solvus temperature and reveal the existence of grain boundary liquation, indicative of liquation cracking. Two cracking mechanisms are thus coexisting during Laser Powder Bed Fusion (L-PBF) of CM247LC. Based on experimental evidence, reduction in the solidification interval of CM247LC was investigated as a candidate for micro-crack mitigation and a new alloy was developed. As Hf is found to have a significant influence on the freezing range of the alloy, a new CM247LC without Hf was produced and tested. The study also involved two separate and distinct processing conditions to highlight the importance of melt pool geometry on micro-crack density. Samples fabricated with the Hf-free CM247LC, CM247LC NHf, in combination with optimized processing conditions exhibit a reduction in crack density of 98 %. This study demonstrates the importance of both processing conditions and alloy chemistry on micro-cracking in L-PBF fabricated γ` hardening Ni-base superalloys.
Objective
Evidence indicates that males account for a significant minority of patients with eating disorders (EDs). However, prior research has been limited by inclusion of small and predominantly ...non‐clinical samples of males. This study aimed to (1) provide male clinical norms for widely used ED measures (Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire EDE‐Q and Eating Disorder Inventory‐3 EDI‐3) and (2) examine sex differences in overall ED psychopathology.
Method
Participants were 386 male and 1,487 female patients with an ED diagnosis aged 16 years and older who completed the EDE‐Q and EDI‐3 upon admission to a residential or partial hospital ED treatment program.
Results
Normative data were calculated for the EDE‐Q (global and subscales) and the EDI‐3 (drive for thinness, body dissatisfaction, and bulimia). Analyses of variance (ANOVAs) used to examine sex, ED diagnosis, and their interaction in relation to overall ED psychopathology revealed a consistent pattern of greater severity among females for ED psychopathology.
Discussion
This study provides clinical norms on the EDE‐Q and the EDI‐3 for males with clinically diagnosed EDs. It is unclear whether the greater severity observed in females reflects qualitative differences in ED presentation or true quantitative differences in ED severity. Additional research examining the underlying nature of these differences and utilizing male‐specific ED measures with clinical samples is warranted.
To study the sustainability of arable agricultural systems we examined a wide range of biological, physical and chemical properties associated with changes in soil quality. We integrated these using ...a qualitative multi-attribute model supported by the software tool DEXi to achieve a holistic estimation of soil quality. We tested the relative changes in soil quality attributes resulting from the incorporation of cattle slurry or green-waste compost, or from including a ley phase in the production of arable crops. We measured: abundances and biodiversity of the soil biota, physical properties and nutrient concentrations; twice in 2006 and thrice in 2007. These data were used to generate a model of soil quality, which showed that the addition of organic matter or a ley phase did increase soil quality. However, to fully understand the soil system results should be derived from a number of functionally related observations as there were opposing trends in individual observations. Increases in some beneficial attributes (such as decomposition, soil nutrient status and physical condition) were associated with an increased risk of nutrient losses from leaching and gaseous emissions. Assessing soil quality with only a few indicators may not identify these trade-offs. The multi-attribute modelling approach could identify the pathways responsible for changes in soil quality and identify possible environmentally detrimental effects.
Inattentional blindness (IB) occurs when a salient object presented in plain sight goes unnoticed when its appearance is unexpected. Across two experiments, participants completed a classic dynamic ...IB task while eye movements and steady-state visual evoked potential (SSVEP) responses were continually recorded. This allowed us to measure the modulation of gaze and brain-based indices of attention during IB. While an SSVEP response to all stimuli including the unexpected object was attained, only gaze measures were able to discriminate noticers from nonnoticers. Experiment 1 used a prototypical sustained IB task and found that gaze toward the unexpected object was largely unrelated to noticing that object. Experiment 2 manipulated the contrast of the target and distractor stimuli, and instead observed a tight concordance between gazing at the unexpected object and reporting its presence. This task-based variability in gaze deployment is consistent with the broader literature and cumulatively delineates the challenges faced in translating lab-based IB research from the bench to the bedside.
Public Significance StatementInattentional blindness (IB) is thought to occur because of a prolonged lapse in attention toward an unexpected yet conspicuous object (such as a gorilla in a basketball game). Our analysis examines whether differences in attention that are thought to result in IB are observable in human eye movement and electrocortical brain activity. Surprisingly, neural activity did not predict IB. Instead, we find that failing to notice an unexpected object can be predicted by gaze behavior, but this depends crucially on the search task being undertaken.
Objective
With increasing age, skin is subject to alterations in its organization, which impact on its function as well as having clinical consequences. Proteomics is a useful tool for non‐targeted, ...semi‐quantitative simultaneous investigation of high numbers of proteins. In the current study, we utilize proteomics to characterize and contrast age‐associated differences in photoexposed and photoprotected skin, with a focus on the epidermis, dermal–epidermal junction and papillary dermis.
Methods
Skin biopsies from buttock (photoprotected) and forearm (photoexposed) of healthy volunteers (aged 18–30 or ≥65 years) were transversely sectioned from the stratum corneum to a depth of 250 μm. Following SDS‐PAGE, each sample lane was segmented prior to analysis by liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry. Pathway analysis was carried out using Ingenuity IPA.
Results
Comparison of skin proteomes at buttock and forearm sites revealed differences in relative protein abundance. Ageing in skin on the photoexposed forearm resulted in 80% of the altered proteins being increased with age, in contrast to the photoprotected buttock where 74% of altered proteins with age were reduced. Functionally, age‐altered proteins in the photoexposed forearm were associated with conferring structure, energy and metabolism. In the photoprotected buttock, proteins associated with gene expression, free‐radical scavenging, protein synthesis and protein degradation were most frequently altered.
Conclusion
This study highlights the necessity of not considering photoageing as an accelerated intrinsic ageing, but as a distinct physiological process.
Résumé
Objectif
Avec l’âge, la peau est sujette à des altérations dans son organisation, et outre le fait d'avoir des conséquences cliniques cela a un impact sur sa fonction. La protéomique est un outil utile pour l’évaluation non ciblée, semi‐quantitative, simultanée d'un nombre élevé de protéines. Dans cette étude, nous utilisons la protéomique pour caractériser et comparer les différences associées à l’âge entre une peau photoexposée et une peau photoprotégée, avec une attention particulière sur l’épiderme, la jonction dermo–épidermique et le derme papillaire.
Méthodes
Des biopsies de peau de la fesse (photoprotégée) et de l'avant‐bras (photoexposée) de volontaires sains (âgés de 18 à 30 ans ou de ≥ 65 ans) ont été sectionnées transversalement depuis la couche cornée jusqu’à une profondeur de 250 μm. Suite à une électrophorèse SDS‐PAGE, chaque échantillon a été segmenté avant l'analyse par chromatographie en phase liquide couplée à la spectrométrie de masse/spectrométrie de masse. Une analyse des voies de signalisation a été réalisée à l'aide d'Ingenuity IPA.
Résultats
La comparaison des protéomes de la peau des sites des fesses et de l'avant‐bras a révélé des différences dans l'abondance relative de protéines. Le vieillissement de la peau de l'avant‐bras photoexposée montre une augmentation de 80% des protéines altérées avec l’âge, contrairement à la peau des fesses photoprotégée où une réduction de 74 % des protéines altérées avec l’âge a été mesurée. Sur le plan de la fonction, les protéines altérées par l’âge dans la peau de l'avant‐bras photoexposée étaient associées à une structure, une énergie et un métabolisme. Dans la peau des fesses photoprotégée, les protéines associées à l'expression génique, la neutralisation des radicaux‐libres, la synthèse des protéines et la dégradation des protéines étaient le plus fréquemment altérés.
Conclusion
Cette étude souligne la nécessité de ne pas considérer le photovieillissement comme un vieillissement accéléré intrinsèque, mais comme un processus physiologique distinct.
In this study, we investigated the impact of ageing and light on the proteomes of skin collected at photoexposed and photoprotected sites. Although most of the altered proteins in skin from aged individuals were higher in abundance than in skin from younger individuals, in the photoprotected buttock the majority of the altered proteins were reduced with age. Differences in the functions of altered proteins between photoprotected and photoexposed sites also suggest that the nature of photoageing in skin may be very different and perhaps distinct from non‐photoageing.
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