Background Threshold levels for peanut allergy determined by using oral challenges are important for the food industry with regard to allergen labeling. Moreover, the utility of biological markers in ...predicting threshold levels is uncertain. Objective We sought to use a modified oral food challenge regimen that might determine threshold levels for peanut allergy mimicking a more real-life exposure and to correlate the eliciting dose (ED) and severity of clinical reaction in children with peanut allergy with B-cell, T-cell, and effector cell markers. Methods A modified food challenge procedure with doses scheduled 2 hours apart was used in 63 children with peanut allergy. All children received a maximum of 8 semi-log increasing titration steps of roasted peanuts ranging from 3 to 4500 mg of peanut protein until objective allergic reactions occurred. Severity of symptoms was graded from I to V. Biological markers were measured before challenge. Results Forty-five of 63 patients showed objective symptoms after greater than 30 minutes, with a median latency of clinical reaction of 55 minutes. By using a log-normal dose-distribution model, the ED5 was calculated to be 1.95 mg of peanut protein. The ED was significantly and inversely correlated with peanut- and Ara h 2–specific IgE levels, skin prick test responses, basophil activation, and TH 2 cytokine production by PBMCs. Symptom severity did not correlate with any of the markers or the ED. Conclusion This modified food challenge procedure might better reflect threshold levels for peanut allergy than the standard procedure because most of the patients reacted at a time interval of greater than 30 minutes. By using this model, threshold levels, but not severity, could be correlated with biological markers.
Background The long-term effect of nutritional intervention with hydrolysate infant formulas on allergic manifestations in high-risk children is uncertain. Objective We sought to investigate the ...effect of hydrolysate infant formulas on allergic phenotypes in children with family history of allergies at school age. Methods We analyzed data from participants of the prospective German Infant Nutritional Intervention study after 10 years of follow-up. At birth, children were randomly assigned to receive, for the first 4 months, one of 4 blinded formulas as breast milk substitute, if necessary: partially hydrolyzed whey formula (pHF-W), extensively hydrolyzed whey formula (eHF-W), extensively hydrolyzed casein formula (eHF-C), or standard cow's milk formula. Outcomes were parent-reported, physician-diagnosed allergic diseases. Log-binomial regression models were used for statistical analysis. Results The relative risk for the cumulative incidence of any allergic disease in the intention-to-treat analysis (n = 2252) was 0.87 (95% CI, 0.77-0.99) for pHF-W, 0.94 (95% CI, 0.83-1.07) for eHF-W, and 0.83 (95% CI, 0.72-0.95) for eHF-C compared with standard cow's milk formula. The corresponding figures for atopic eczema/dermatits (AD) were 0.82 (95% CI, 0.68-1.00), 0.91 (95% CI, 0.76-1.10), and 0.72 (95% CI, 0.58-0.88), respectively. In the per-protocol analysis (n = 988) effects were stronger. The period prevalence of AD at 7 to 10 years was significantly reduced with eHF-C in this analysis, but there was no preventive effect on asthma or allergic rhinitis. Conclusion The significant preventive effect on the cumulative incidence of allergic diseases, particularly AD, with pHF-W and eHF-C persisted until 10 years without rebound, whereas eHF-W showed no significant risk reduction. There is insufficient evidence of ongoing preventive activity at 7 to 10 years of age.
Background The long-term effect of nutritional intervention with hydrolyzed infant formulas on allergy development has not been sufficiently evaluated. Objective We performed a follow–up of the ...German Infant Nutritional Intervention study until 6 years of life to investigate the long-term allergy-preventive effect of 3 hydrolyzed infant formulas compared with cow's milk formula (CMF) in a randomized, double-blind trial. Methods Between 1995 and 1998, 2252 newborns with atopic heredity were randomly assigned at birth to receive one of 4 blinded formulas: partially or extensively hydrolyzed whey formula, extensively hydrolyzed casein formula, or CMF as milk substitute for the first 4 months when breast-feeding was insufficient. The cohort was followed from birth until 6 years of age with yearly questionnaires. Outcomes were physician-diagnosed allergic diseases (atopic dermatitis, food allergy, allergic urticaria, asthma, and hay fever/allergic rhinitis). Log-binomial regression modeled with generalized estimation equations was used for the statistical analysis. Results In the intent-to-treat analysis the relative risk of a physician's diagnosis of allergic manifestation (AM) compared with CMF was 0.82 (95% CI, 0.70-0.96) for partially hydrolyzed whey formula, 0.90 (95% CI, 0.78-1.04) for extensively hydrolyzed whey formula, and 0.80 (95% CI, 0.69-0.93) for extensively hydrolyzed casein formula. The corresponding figures for atopic eczema were 0.79 (95% CI, 0.64-0.97), 0.92 (95% CI, 0.76-1.11), and 0.71 (95% CI, 0.58-0.88), respectively. In the per-protocol analysis all effects were stronger and significant. No significant effect on other AMs was found. Conclusion The data confirm a long-term allergy-preventive effect of hydrolyzed infant formulas on AM and atopic eczema until 6 years of age.
Background Recommendations for primary prevention of allergic diseases in high-risk children include feeding with hydrolyzed formulas if breast-feeding is insufficient. Objective The primary ...objective of the German Infant Nutritional Intervention study was to investigate the allergy preventive effect of 3 hydrolyzed formulas compared with cow's milk formula in the first 3 years of life in a randomized, double-blind trial. Methods Between 1995 and 1998, 2252 newborns with atopic heredity were allocated to a group receiving cow's milk formula, partially or extensively hydrolyzed whey formula, or extensively hydrolyzed casein formula as a milk substitute for the first 4 months if breast-feeding was insufficient. Main outcome parameters were allergic manifestations, atopic dermatitis (AD), and asthma. Results After 3 years, 396 of 2252 children (17.6%) had dropped out. Breast-fed infants without formula feeding during the intervention (n = 889) were considered separately. A significant reduction of the incidence of AD was achieved with the extensively hydrolyzed casein formula in the intention-to-treat (ITT; n = 1363) and per protocol (PP; n = 904) analyses (ITT: population odds ratio 95% CI, 0.67 0.45-0.99; PP: adjusted odds ratio ORadj , 0.53 0.32-0.88), and with the partially hydrolyzed whey formula in the PP analysis (ITT: population odds ratio, 0.76 0.52-1.11; PP:ORadj , 0.60 0.37-0.97). None of the formulas reduced the incidence of asthma. Conclusion The risk for AD, but not for asthma, can be reduced with certain cow's milk hydrolyzates in high-risk infants when breast-feeding is insufficient. Clinical implications Early nutritional intervention in high-risk children has significant influence on the incidence of AD, but not of asthma.
Objective To assess the association between the introduction of solid foods in the first 12 months and the occurrence of eczema during the first 4 years of life in a prospective study of newborns. ...Study design Data were taken from annually administered questionnaires from a large birth cohort (recruited 1995–1998) comprised of an intervention and a nonintervention group. Outcomes were doctor-diagnosed and symptomatic eczema. Multiple generalized estimation equation models were performed for the 2 study groups. Results From the 5991 recruited infants, 4753 (79%) were followed up. The 2 study groups were different in their family risk of allergies and feeding practices. No association was found between the time of introduction of solids or the diversity of solids and eczema. In the nonintervention group, a decreased risk was observed for avoidance of soybean/nuts, but an increased risk was seen in doctor-diagnosed eczema for the avoidance of egg in the first year. Conclusion The evidence from this study supports neither a delayed introduction of solids beyond the fourth month nor a delayed introduction of the most potentially allergenic solids beyond the sixth month of life for the prevention of eczema. However, effects under more extreme conditions cannot be ruled out.
Supplementation with cow's milk at birth is not recommended Koletzko, Sibylle, MD, PhD; Filipiak-Pittroff, Birgit, MSc; von Berg, Andrea, MD ...
Journal of allergy and clinical immunology,
03/2011, Letnik:
127, Številka:
3
Journal Article
Recenzirano
The World Health Organization promotes exclusive breast-feeding for at least 6 months, particularly for developing countries to reduce the risks of infection and malnutrition. ...it is very ...surprising that the authors recommend feeding CMP-based formula during the first 2 weeks of life to all infants. Parents with atopic disease in the family may consider later introduction of CMP. ...reverse causality cannot be excluded without considering the family history for atopy in all cases and controls.
