To compare the efficiency of an aerobic physical training program prescribed according to either velocity associated with maximum oxygen uptake (vVO
) or peak running speed obtained during an ...incremental treadmill test (V
) in mice.
Twenty male Swiss mice, 60 days old, were randomly divided into two groups with 10 animals each: 1. group trained by vVO
(GVO
), 2. group trained by V
(GVP). After the adaptation training period, an incremental test was performed at the beginning of each week to adjust training load and to determine the amount of VO
and VCO
fluxes consumed, energy expenditure (EE) and run distance during the incremental test. Mice were submitted to 4 weeks of aerobic exercise training of moderate intensity (velocity referring to 70% of vVO
and V
) in a programmable treadmill. The sessions lasted from 30 to 40 min in the first week, to reach 60 min in the fourth week, in order to provide the mice with a moderate intensity exercise, totaling 20 training sessions.
Mice demonstrated increases in VO
(ml·kg
·min
) (GVO
= 49.1% and GVP = 56.2%), V
(cm·s
) (GVO
= 50.9% and GVP = 22.3%), EE (ml·kg
·min
) (GVO
= 39.9% and GVP = 51.5%), and run distance (cm) (GVO
= 43.5% and GVP = 33.4%), after 4 weeks of aerobic training (time effect,
< 0.05); there were no differences between the groups.
V
, as well as vVO
, can be adopted as an alternative test to determine the performance and correct prescription of systemized aerobic protocol training to mice.
Previous literature has highlighted the mechanisms of molecular toxicity induced by substances such as arsenic, cadmium, chromium, nickel, lead, barium and PCBs. The research was carried out on 20 ...volunteers, all the patients gave their consent to the research: the aim of the study was to evaluate the presence of metals and PCBs in these different matrices (blood and hair), correlating the biochemical data to pathological conditions present, and also to the area in which patients resided. Various quantitative determinations were carried out on samples of blood and hair for 14 heavy metals and on blood samples for 12 PCBs. For the 11 patients the results indicated that blood levels for half of the 14 displayed heavy metals measured considerably higher compared to the reference values, whilst the levels measured in hair evidenced some positive values significantly higher than the maximum reference. Of the 12 PCBs assayed in blood some showed higher positive values compared to the maximum tabular reference (although there is no clear reference quantified in the WHO-2005 report). In the 9 healthy patients heavy metals in the blood were within the expected target range, with those showing positive results (≤ 3 out of 14 heavy metals for each patient) having values only slightly higher than the reference maximum. The levels of 14 heavy metals measured in hair were below thresholds, and levels for the 12 PCBs measured in blood showed negativity or positivity with values close to the minimum benchmarks. The analyses carried out on biological matrices have uncovered important and significant differences between healthy and unhealthy subjects, both qualitative and quantitative differences with respect to heavy metals and PCBs. All patients with head and neck cancer enlisted for the study had heavy metal and PCB blood levels at least twice the maximum reference level. The levels of heavy metals in hair were at least double the maximum reference. In contrast, all healthy volunteers enrolled showed no significant levels for either metals or PCBs.
Objective: To perform a systematic review with meta-analyses that evaluates the effectiveness of the Pilates method on the pain and functionality outcome in adults with non-specific chronic low back ...pain.
Data sources: The search was performed in the following databases: Medline, Embase, AMED, Cinahl, Lilacs, Scielo, SportDiscus, ProQuest, Web of Science, PEDro, Academic Search Premier and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials from 1950 to 2011; the following keywords were used: ‘Pilates’, ‘Pilates-based’, ‘back exercises’, ‘exercise therapy’, ‘low back pain’, ‘back pain’ and ‘backache.’
Review methods: The inclusion criteria were studies that assessed the effects of the Pilates method on patients with chronic low back pain.
Results: Five studies met the inclusion criteria. The total number of patients was 71 in the Pilates group and 68 in the control group. Pilates exercise did not improve functionality (standardized mean difference (SMD = –1.34; 95% confidence interval (CI) −2.80, 0.11; P = 0.07) or pain between Pilates and control groups (SMD = –1.99; 95% CI −4.35, 0.37; P = 0.10). Pilates and lumbar stabilization exercises presented no significant difference in functionality (mean difference (MD) = –0.31; 95% CI −1.02, 0.40; P = 0.39) or pain (MD = –0.31; 95% CI −1.02, 0.40; P = 0.39).
Conclusion: The Pilates method did not improve functionality and pain in patients who have low back pain when compared with control and lumbar stabilization exercise groups.
Pedro, RE, Guariglia, DA, Okuno, NM, Deminice, R, Peres, SB, and Moraes, SMF. Effects of 16 weeks of concurrent training on resting heart rate variability and cardiorespiratory fitness in people ...living with HIV/AIDS using antiretroviral therapy: a randomized clinical trial. J Strength Cond Res 30(12): 3494-3502, 2016-The study evaluated the effects of concurrent training on resting heart rate variability (HRVrest) and cardiorespiratory fitness in people living with HIV/AIDS undergoing antiretroviral therapy (ART). Fifty-eight participants were randomized into 2 groups (control and training group); however, only 33 were analyzed. The variables studied were HRVrest indices, submaximal values of oxygen uptake (VCombining Dot AboveO2sub) and heart rate (HR5min), peak speed (Vpeak), and peak oxygen uptake (VCombining Dot AboveO2peak). The training group performed concurrent training (15-20 minutes of aerobic exercise plus 40 minutes of resistance exercise), 3 times per week, for 16 weeks. Posttraining VCombining Dot AboveO2peak and Vpeak increased, and HR5min decreased. Resting heart rate variability indices did not present statistical differences posttraining; however, the magnitude-based inferences demonstrated a "possibly positive effect" for high frequency (HF) and low frequency (LF) plus high frequency (LF + HF) and a "likely positive effect" for R-Rmean posttraining. In conclusion, concurrent training was effective at improving cardiorespiratory fitness and endurance performance. Moreover, it led to probably a positive effect on HF and a likely positive effect on R-Rmean in people living with HIV/AIDS undergoing ART.
Human immunodeficiency virus-associated lipodystrophy syndrome (HALS) is a major problem among people living with HIV/aids. The exercise training has been used for its treatment; however, the ...knowledge about benefits and safety still is emerging. The aim was systematically review the literature for physiological, metabolic, immunologic, and morphologic adaptations to aerobic, resistance, and concurrent training in people living with HALS.
A search of the Medline, Embase, Cinahl, Lilacs, Scielo, Web of Science, the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register Library and PEDro was performed. The study selection was performed by two blinded researchers follow screening of titles, abstracts, and full-text articles. Therefore, only randomised clinical trials, which investigated the effects of physical training in people with HALS, were included in the present review. The risk of bias was assessed using a Jadad's scale.
From the electronic and manual searches, 332 studies were selected by title, 139 abstracts were read and 95 were excluded, leaving 44 studies, which were read in full. After full text examination only five studies were included in the qualitative analyses. The limitations were: heterogeneity in training prescription, nutritional recommendations, and diagnosis of lipodystrophy, small sample size, utilization of methods with questionable validity for assessments.
There is no effect of physical training on CD4 cell count. In addition, aerobic and concurrent training improve VO2max, likewise resistance and concurrent training improve muscular strength.
The purpose of this study was to compare different split resistance training routines on body composition and muscular strength in elite bodybuilders. Ten male bodybuilders (26.7 ± 2.7 years, 85.3 ± ...10.4 kg) were randomly assigned into one of two resistance training groups: 4 and 6 times per week (G4× and G6×, respectively), in which the individuals trained for 4 weeks, 4 sets for each exercise performing 6-12 repetitions maximum (RM) in a pyramid fashion. Body composition was assessed by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry, muscle strength was evaluated by 1RM bench-press testing. The food intake was planned by nutritionists and offered individually throughout the duration of the experiment. Significant increases (p < .05) in fat-free mass (G4× = +4.2%, G6× = +3.5%) and muscular strength (G4× = +8.4%, G6× = +11.4%) with no group by time interaction were observed. We conclude that 4 and 6 weekly sessions frequencies of resistance training promote similar increases in fat-free mass and muscular strength in elite bodybuilders.
In this paper, we generalise Weil's (1993) model, which is based on hybrid non‐expected utility preferences, by allowing for habit formation. We use this generalised model to derive an Euler ...equation, where current consumption changes depend on lagged changes and labour income risk. We then estimate this Euler equation using data from the British Household Panel Survey (BHPS) for the period 1992–97. Our results suggest that both labour income risk and past changes in consumption play an important role in determining current changes in consumption. We then compare the model with habits with the one without, and strongly reject the latter.
Flexibility is a key component of physical fitness. It has been suggested that measures of physical fitness components may vary throughout the day. The aim of this study was to analyse the effects of ...the time of day on flexibility performance. 26 men (mean age=25.4 years, SD=2.5) were evaluated by hip flexion on kinematic analysis and also by an absolute score in the modified Sit-and-Reach test during a repeated measure design. This was done during 3 experimental sessions, which took place at 8:00 a.m., 1:00 p.m. and 6:00 p.m., in random order. All subjects were previously familiarized with the test parameters. There was a diurnal variation only in the modified Sit-and-Reach test score between 8:00 a.m and 6:00 p.m. (P=0.01). There was no significant difference in the hip kinematic analysis between hours. These findings suggest that flexibility performance in the modified Sit-and-Reach test, in absolute scores, is affected by the time of day, with higher performance in the evening.
Abstract This study aimed to verify the relationship between changes in thigh muscle‐localized bioelectrical impedance analysis (ML‐BIA) parameters and performance in a multiple‐set exercise. The ...sample consisted of 30 female university students (22.1 ± 3.2 years). The ML‐BIA parameters, including localized muscle resistance (ML‐R), reactance (ML‐Xc), and phase angle (ML‐AngF), were evaluated using a tetrapolar bioelectric impedance device operating at a frequency of 50 KHz. The multiple sets protocol was performed with an isokinetic dynamometer. For body composition, total and leg lean soft tissue (LST) were evaluated using dual X‐ray absortiometry. Student's t ‐test for paired samples was used to compare the ML‐BIA parameters and thigh circumference pre and postexercise. Linear regression analysis was performed to verify the ∆ML‐PhA as a predictor of peak torque for the three sets alone while controlling for total and leg LST. There were differences in the ML‐R (∆ = 0.02 ± 1.45 Ω; p = 0.001; and E.S = 0.19), ML‐Xc (∆ = 2.90 ± 4.12 Ω; p = 0.043; and E.S = 0.36), and thigh circumference (∆ = 0.82 ± 0.60 cm; p < 0.001; and E.S = 0.16) pre‐ and post‐multiple sets. ΔML‐PhA was a predictor of performance in the first set ( p = 0.002), regardless of total and leg LST. However, the ΔML‐PhA lost its explanatory power in the other sets (second and third), and the variables that best explained performance were total and leg LST. The ML‐BIA (ML‐R and ML‐Xc) parameters were sensitive and changed after the multiple sets protocol, and the ΔML‐PhA was a predictor of performance in the first set regardless of the total and leg LST.
Highlights Muscle‐localized bioimpedance analysis (ML‐BIA) is a noninvasive and inexpensive method used to assess specific muscle groups. It is already known that raw parameters, such as Xc, R, and PhA, can reflect cell hydration, volume, and membrane integrity. We demonstrate that these parameters can also reflect acute changes resulting from exercise. The muscle resistance and ML‐Xc values decreased after the exercise protocol, accompanied by increases in thigh circumference. These findings contribute to explaining the phenomenon of local muscle swelling. The ∆AngF accounted for 39%, 28%, and 24% of the variation in the first, second, and third sets of the multiple series exercise. Notably, in the first set, it remained a significant predictor even when controlled for total and leg lean soft tissue.
The interpretation of the correlation between cash flow and investment is controversial. Some argue that it is caused by financial constraints, others by the correlation between cash flow and ...investment opportunities that are not properly measured by Tobin’s Q. This paper uses UK firms’ contracted capital expenditure to capture information about opportunities available only to insiders and thus not included in Q. When this variable is added to investment regressions, the explanatory power of cash flow falls for large firms, but remains unchanged for small firms. This suggests that the significance of cash flow stems from its role in capturing the effects of credit frictions.
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