Climate Sensitivity of GFDL's CM4.0 Winton, M.; Adcroft, A.; Dunne, J. P. ...
Journal of advances in modeling earth systems,
January 2020, 2020-01-00, 20200101, 2020-01-01, Letnik:
12, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
GFDL's new CM4.0 climate model has high transient and equilibrium climate sensitivities near the middle of the upper half of CMIP5 models. The CMIP5 models have been criticized for excessive ...sensitivity based on observations of present‐day warming and heat uptake and estimates of radiative forcing. An ensemble of historical simulations with CM4.0 produces warming and heat uptake that are consistent with these observations under forcing that is at the middle of the assessed distribution. Energy budget‐based methods for estimating sensitivities based on these quantities underestimate CM4.0's sensitivities when applied to its historical simulations. However, we argue using a simple attribution procedure that CM4.0's warming evolution indicates excessive transient sensitivity to greenhouse gases. This excessive sensitivity is offset prior to recent decades by excessive response to aerosol and land use changes.
Plain Language Summary
We evaluate the climate sensitivity of the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL) CM4.0 climate model. Climate sensitivity is an important factor determining the magnitude of future climate change under anthropogenic forcing. We find that CM4.0 is a high climate sensitivity model. A simple method for estimating climate sensitivity from historical changes significantly underestimates CM4.0's sensitivity when applied to CM4.0's historical simulation. However, more sophisticated methods that make use of the detailed evolution of global warming identify CM4.0 as most likely too sensitive to anthropogenic forcing.
Key Points
CM4.0 has high equilibrium and transient climate sensitivities, both near the CMIP5 75th percentile
The energy budget sensitivity estimation method significantly underestimates CM4.0's sensitivities
CM4.0's excessive warming over recent decades most likely indicates excessive transient sensitivity
Here we focus on the impact characteristics of polytetrafluoroethylene/aluminum/tu-ngsten (PTFE/Al/W) reactive materials under various molding pressures. Reactive materials of the density of 3.0 ...g/cm3 were fabricated via pressing and sintering processes. Drop weight tests were carried out to study impact characteristics of the reactive materials. Experiment shows that, critical forming pressure and compaction pressure are approximately 5MPa and 100MPa, separately, and meanwhile, the sintering cycle could enhance the strength of the material pressed under the critical forming pressure. Furthermore, reactive materials show strain rate effect on impact characteristics, and the increase of mounding pressure attributes to the transition from inertness to sensitivity of the material. Within the molding pressure range of 15MPa, impact sensitivity of the material increases exceedingly, whereas, the impact sensitivity remains relatively stable when the molding pressure ranging from 15 MPa to 100 MPa. Phenomenologically, with the increase of the molding pressure, the drop impact induced initiation flame transits from weak and unsustainable to intense and continuous. From the point of initiation mechanism, low molding pressure introduced high porosity plays negative role against the formation and growth of the hot spots in the microstructure of the material, which was demonstrated by the experiments. The conclusion drawn from this research reveals that a well pressed condition would be beneficial for increasing the impact sensitivities of low density reactive materials.
To improve reproducibility, stability and sensitivity, a bismuth (Bi) thin film was coated on glassy carbon (GC) substrates which surfaces were modified with a porous thin layer of polyaniline (PANI) ...via multipulse potentiostatic electropolymerization to form Bi/PANI/GC electrodes (Bi/PANI/GCEs). The Bi/PANI/GCEs were used successfully for simultaneous detection and determination of Cd2+ and Pb2+ ions, and various parameters were studied with reference to square wave anodic stripping voltammetric (SWASV) signals. The experimental results depicted that the environment‐friendly Bi/PANI/GCEs had the ability to rapidly monitor trace heavy metals even in the presence of surface‐active compounds.
Residue depletion of ampicillin in eggs Zhao, M.; Xie, K.-Z.; Guo, H.-S. ...
Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics,
October 2015, Letnik:
38, Številka:
5
Journal Article
Recenzirano
A residue depletion study of ampicillin (AMP) was performed after oral dosing (60.0 mg/kg and 120.0 mg/kg body weight once a day for 5 days) to laying hens, through the use of reversed‐phase ...high‐performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection (RP‐HPLC‐FLD) to achieve detection of ampicillin residue in eggs. Limit of detection was 0.5 ng/g, and limit of quantitation was 1.2 ng/g for ampicillin. Extraction recoveries of ampicillin from samples fortified at 5.0–125.0 ng/g levels ranged from 77.5% to 84.6% in albumen, 77.9% to 87.5% in yolk, and 77.9% to 88.6% in whole egg, with coefficients of variation ≤9.3%. The maximum concentrations of ampicillin in albumen, yolk, and whole egg were detected at 1, 2, and 1 day after the last administration of ampicillin, respectively. Ampicillin was not detectable in albumen at day 9 of withdrawal time, at day 10 and 11 in yolk, and day 9 and 11 in whole egg at each of those 2 dose levels. The theoretical withdrawal time of AMP in whole egg was 6.730 and 7.296 days for 60 and 120 mg/kg oral dosage, respectively. This method also proved to be suitable as a rapid and reliable method for the determination of ampicillin in other poultry eggs.
•A novel a Multivariable-based vehicle interior noise time-domain signal reconstruction (MTSR) algorithm is proposed.•The SCS method adaptively extracts effective features of noise signals.•A new ...DBN-NN model is established for reconstructing the noise signal of passenger ear-sides.•The RCS method is used to recover the time-domain signal.•The proposed reconstruction method can realise the rapid signal reconstruction of passenger ear-sides.
During vehicle driving, the noise signal of passenger ear-sides is affected by many sound sources. Meanwhile, the composition and generation mechanism of these sound sources are complicated. The application of traditional data-driven technology in the noise signal reconstruction process of passenger ear-sides often requires complex signal processing and prior knowledge, thereby limiting its application in signal reconstruction. Thus, a multivariable-based vehicle interior noise time-domain signal reconstruction (MTSR) algorithm based on compressed sensing and deep learning is proposed to address such limitation. Raw data are compressed to acquire samples using the proposed algorithm to reduce the amount of data and realize the adaptive extraction of signal features. A deep neural network model for the noise signal reconstruction of passenger ear-sides is established on the basis of multisource signals of the compressed domain, which is pretrained by a restricted Boltzmann machine for improved reconstruction accuracy. The recovery compression signal method realizes the time-domain signal reconstruction of the passenger ear-sides. The effectiveness of the proposed MTSR algorithm is validated using noise signal sources collected from a vehicle. Compared with the different reconstruction models, the proposed algorithm is superior in reconstruction accuracy and time consumption.
Summary
Background
A previous study provided evidence for a genetic association between PPP2CA on 5q31.1 and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) across multi‐ancestral cohorts, but failed to find ...significant evidence for an association in the Han Chinese population.
Objectives
To explore the association between this locus and SLE using data from our previously published genome‐wide association study (GWAS).
Methods
Single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) rs7726414 and rs244689 (near TCF7 and PPP2CA in 5q31.1) were selected as candidate independent associations from a large‐scale study in a Han Chinese population consisting of 1047 cases and 1205 controls. Subsequently, 3509 cases and 8246 controls were genotyped in two further replication studies. We then investigated the SNPs' associations with SLE subphenotypes and gene expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells.
Results
Highly significant associations with SLE in the Han Chinese population were detected for SNPs rs7726414 and rs244689 by combining the genotype data from our previous GWAS and two independent replication cohorts. Further conditional analyses indicated that these two SNPs contribute to disease susceptibility independently. A significant association with SLE, age at diagnosis < 20 years, was found for rs7726414 (P = 0·001). The expression levels of TCF7 and PPP2CA messenger RNA in patients with SLE were significantly decreased compared with those in healthy controls.
Conclusions
This study found evidence for multiple associations with SLE in 5q31.1 at genome‐wide levels of significance for the first time in a Han Chinese population, in a combined genotype dataset. These findings suggest that variants in the 5q31.1 locus not only provide novel insights into the genetic architecture of SLE, but also contribute to the complex subphenotypes of SLE.
What's already known about this topic?
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a prototype multisystem autoimmune inflammatory disease involving genetic and environmental predisposing factors.
Genome‐wide association studies have been performed to identify and confirm over 70 risk genes associated with SLE.
What does this study add?
This study confirmed two independent SLE association signals in 5q31.1, with genome‐wide levels of significance for the first time in a Han Chinese population.
Significant and suggestive associations were revealed between clinical manifestations and genetic variants.
Both TCF7 and PPP2CA are within the association interval and are very likely to be involved in the development of SLE.
What is the translational message?
The genetic variant in 5q31.1 contributes to the complex subphenotypes of SLE, which suggests that this variant can be a novel marker for SLE phenotypes.
The expression levels of TCF7 and PPP2CA messenger RNA in patients with SLE were significantly decreased, which suggests that TCF7 and PPP2CA can be used as an auxiliary method for the diagnosis of SLE.
Linked Comment: Sarin. Br J Dermatol 2017; 177:620–621
Charge correlations in cobaltates La2-xSrx CoO4 Guo, H.; Schmidt, W.; Tjeng, L. H. ...
Physica status solidi. PSS-RRL. Rapid research letters,
October 2015, Letnik:
9, Številka:
10
Journal Article
Understanding the spatial–temporal variations of source apportionment of PM
2.5 is critical to the effective control of particulate pollution. In this study, two one-year studies of PM
2.5 ...composition were conducted at three contrasting sites in Hong Kong from November 2000 to October 2001, and from November 2004 to October 2005, respectively. A receptor model, principal component analysis (PCA) with absolute principal component scores (APCS) technique, was applied to the PM
2.5 data for the identification and quantification of pollution sources at the rural, urban and roadside sites. The receptor modeling results identified that the major sources of PM
2.5 in Hong Kong were vehicular emissions/road erosion, secondary sulfate, residual oil combustion, soil suspension and sea salt regardless of sampling sites and sampling periods. The secondary sulfate aerosols made the most significant contribution to the PM
2.5 composition at the rural (HT) (44
±
3%, mean
±
1
σ standard error) and urban (TW) (28
±
2%) sites, followed by vehicular emission (20
±
3% for HT and 23
±
4% for TW) and residual oil combustion (17
±
2% for HT and 19
±
1% for TW). However, at the roadside site (MK), vehicular emissions especially diesel vehicle emissions were the major source of PM
2.5 composition (33
±
1% for diesel vehicle plus 18
±
2% for other vehicles), followed by secondary sulfate aerosols (24
±
1%). We found that the contribution of residual oil combustion at both urban and rural sites was much higher than that at the roadside site (2
±
0.4%), perhaps due to the marine vessel activities of the container terminal near the urban site and close distance of pathway for the marine vessels to the rural site. The large contribution of secondary sulfate aerosols at all the three sites reflected the wide influence of regional pollution. With regard to the temporal trend, the contributions of vehicular emission and secondary sulfate to PM
2.5 showed higher autumn and winter values and lower summer levels at all the sites, particularly for the background site, suggesting that the seasonal variation of source apportionment in Hong Kong was mainly affected by the synoptic meteorological conditions and the long-range transport. Analysis of annual patterns indicated that the contribution of vehicular emission at the roadside was significantly reduced from 2000/01 to 2004/05 (
p
<
0.05, two-tail), especially the diesel vehicular emission (
p
<
0.001, two-tail). This is likely attributed to the implementation of the vehicular emission control programs with the tightening of diesel fuel contents and vehicular emission standards over these years by the Hong Kong government. In contrast, the contribution of secondary sulfate was remarkably increased from 2001 to 2005 (
p
<
0.001, two-tail), indicating a significant growth in regional sulfate pollution over the years.
Previous data suggest that the immune microenvironment plays a critical role in human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) -positive breast cancer; however, there is little known about the ...immune profiles of small HER2-positive tumors. In this study, we aimed to characterize the immune microenvironment of small HER2-positive breast cancers included in the Adjuvant paclitaxel and trastuzumab for node-negative, HER2-positive breast cancer (APT) trial and to correlate the immune markers with pathological and molecular tumor characteristics.
The APT trial was a multicenter, single-arm, phase II study of paclitaxel and trastuzumab in patients with node-negative HER2-positive breast cancer. The study included 406 patients with HER2-positive, node-negative breast cancer, measuring up to 3cm. Exploratory analysis of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL), programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression (by immunohistochemistry), and immune gene signatures using data generated by nCounter PanCancer Pathways Panel (NanoString Technologies, Seattle, WA), and their association with pathological and molecular characteristics was carried out.
Of the 406 patients, 328 (81%) had at least one immune assay carried out: 284 cases were evaluated for TIL, 266 for PD-L1, and 213 for immune gene signatures. High TIL (≥60%) were seen with greater frequency in hormone-receptor (HR) negative, histological grades 2 and 3, as well in HER2-enriched and basal-like tumors. Lower stromal PD-L1 (≤1%) expression was seen with greater frequency in HR-positive, histological grade 1, and in luminal tumors. Both TIL and stromal PD-L1 were positively correlated with 10 immune cell signatures, including Th1 and B cell signatures. Luminal B tumors were negatively correlated with those signatures. Significant correlation was seen among these immune markers; however, the magnitude of correlation did not indicate a monotonic relationship between them.
Immune profiles of small HER2-positive breast cancers differ according to HR status, histological grade, and molecular subtype. Further work is needed to explore the implication of these findings on disease outcome.
clinicaltrials.gov identifier: NCT00542451.
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