Zinc indium sulfide (ZnIn2S4), as a significant visible-light-responsive photocatalyst, has become a research hotspot to tackle energy demand and environmental issues owing to its excellent ...properties of high stability, easy fabrication, and remarkable catalytic activity. However, its drawbacks, including low utilization of solar light and fast photoinduced charge carriers, limit its applications. Promoting the response for near-infrared (NIR) light (~52% solar light) of ZnIn2S4-based photocatalysts is the primary challenge to overcome. In this review, various modulation strategies of ZnIn2S4 have been described, which include hybrid with narrow optical gap materials, bandgap engineering, up-conversion materials, and surface plasmon materials for enhanced NIR photocatalytic performance in the applications of hydrogen evolution, pollutants purification, and CO2 reduction. In addition, the synthesis methods and mechanisms of NIR light-driven ZnIn2S4-based photocatalysts are summarized. Finally, this review presents perspectives for future development of efficient NIR photon conversion of ZnIn2S4-based photocatalysts.
Freezing is a serious problem that affects the power, transport, and transmission industries and is a major concern for the national economy and safety. Currently, several engineering de-icing ...methods, such as thermal, mechanical, and chemical de-icing, have shown problems related to energy consumption, efficiency, and the environment. Superhydrophobic materials have high droplet contact and roll angles, which can reduce the droplet residence and ice adhesion on their surfaces and have unique advantages in the self-cleaning and anti-icing fields. This paper introduces the development of infiltration theory and superhydrophobic materials and their principles of anti-icing and de-icing. Herein, the preparation and coating methods of superhydrophobic materials in applications are summarised, the performance and lifetime issues of superhydrophobic materials in applications are clarified, and the research progress on superhydrophobic materials in different fields is reviewed. Prospects for the application of superhydrophobic materials in electrified railways are also presented. A feasibility study was conducted to solve some of the existing problems of electrified railways, providing a theoretical basis for the development of electrified railways.
Superhydrophobic coatings give a solution for the protection of electrical equipment and some corresponding preparation methods.
Corona discharge is one of the key factors that lead to the hydrophobicity loss of silicone rubber insulators used on the roof of high-speed trains. Based on the artificial experimental wind-tunnel ...platform, influences of AC corona intensity and airflow velocity on the hydrophobicity distribution of the silicone rubber surface were studied. According to the corona discharge phenomena and measured discharge current, influences of airflow velocity and voltage on the characteristics of corona discharge in a high-speed airflow environment were discussed. Results reveal that the hydrophobicity distribution on the silicone rubber surface shifts along the airflow direction in the high-speed airflow environment when the voltage is relatively high. When ionization zone develops to the needle-plate gap, the discharge path is deflected to the direction of airflow, which is responsible for the change of the hydrophobicity distribution. It is notable that the deflection distance decreases with the increase of airflow velocity. This is attributed to the fact that the electrons with variable horizontal distance from the electron to the plate electrode center are subjected to different electric field forces, resulting in different influences of high-speed airflow on them. These results are of engineering and theoretical significance for insulators used in high-speed railways.
The excellent insulation performance of roof insulators is crucial to the reliability of operating trains. The complex environment encountered by trains may cause roof insulator insulation failure, ...thus affecting the normal operation of the train. The field operation experience shows that during the operation of Hainan CRHAF-A trains, partial arcs are generated frequently on the roof insulators and even flashover accidents occur. In addition, the insulation failure probability of the insulators in the coastal environment is higher than that in other areas, and pollution is an important factor leading to lower insulation performance. Therefore, the pollution accumulation characteristics of roof insulators are investigated and analyzed in this paper. The accumulated pollution simulation model is built based on the operating environment of the train, and the electric field, flow field, and pressure field around the roof insulators are simulated. This has important engineering application and economic value for the study of insulator anti-pollution.
The grounding electrode line is an important part of the Ultra high voltage direct current (UHVDC) transmission system. It acts as the channel to conduct the unbalanced current and the grounding ...current.The arcing horn consists of a pair of electrodes installed in parallel at both ends of the insulator string, which provides a discharge channel for the fault current by an air gap to protect the insulators. In this paper, the voltage and current distributions of the arcing horn were studied when the grounding electrode line was struck by lightning. It is found that the current and voltage gradually decrease along the direction from the converter station to the earth electrode. An active arc extinguishing method based on variable resistance for arcing horn was proposed. An electromagnetic transient simulation model of the grounding electrode line is established based on the electrical parameters of a ±800 kV UHVDC transmission system. It is found that the absorbed energy of the arc extinguishing unit needs to be at least 31.2 and 49.6 kJ when the lightning current is 20 and 50kA, respectively. According to the calculation results, the arcing horn with arc extinguishing unit was developed and tested. The test results verifies that the designed arcing horn can meet the requirements of engineering application.
In this work, an active arc extinguishing method based on variable resistance for arcing horn was proposed. To design the arcing horn within active arc extinguishing function, the grounding electrode line and arcing horn model were established based on a ±800kV UHVDC transmission system. The electrical characteristics of the arcing horn were calculated under different grounding currents andlightning currents.
The cytidine diphosphate diacylglycerol synthases (CDSs) gene encodes the cytidine diphosphate-diacylglycerol (CDP-DAG) synthase enzyme that catalyzes the formation of CDP-diacylglycerol from ...phosphatidic acid. At present, there are no reports of CDS2 in birds. Here, we identified chicken CDS2 transcripts by combining conventional RT-PCR amplification, 5′ rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE), and 3′ RACE, explored the spatio-temporal expression profiles of total CDS2 and the longest transcript variant CDS2-4, and investigated the effect of exogenous insulin on the mRNA level of total CDS2 via quantitative RT-PCR. Four transcripts of chicken CDS2 (CDS2-1, -2, -3, and -4) were identified, which were alternatively spliced at the 3′-untranslated region (UTR). Both total CDS2 and CDS2-4 were prominently expressed in adipose tissue, and exhibited low expression in liver and pectoralis of 49-day-old chickens. Regarding the spatio-temporal expression patterns of CDS2 in chicken, total CDS2 exhibited a similar temporal expression tendency with a high level in the later period of incubation (embryonic day 19 E19 or 1-day-old) in the brain, liver, and pectoralis. While CDS2-4 presented a distinct temporal expression pattern in these tissues, CDS2-4 levels peaked at 21 d in the brain and pectoralis, while liver CDS2-4 mRNA levels were highest at the early stage of hatching (E10). Total CDS2 (P < 0.001) and CDS2-4 (P = 0.0090) mRNA levels in the liver were differentially regulated throughout the development of the chicken. Total CDS2 levels in the liver of Silky chickens were higher than that of the broiler in the basal state and after insulin stimulation. Exogenous insulin significantly down-regulated the level of total CDS2 at 240 min in the pectoralis of Silky chickens (P < 0.01). In conclusion, chicken CDS2 isoforms with variation at the 3′-UTR were identified, which was prominently expressed in adipose tissue. Total CDS2 and CDS2-4 presented distinct spatio-temporal expression patterns, that is they were differentially regulated with age in brain, liver, and pectoralis. Insulin could regulate chicken CDS2 levels in a breed- and tissue-specific manner.
In this paper, a surface discharge test was conducted on a silicone rubber insulating sheet, an epoxy resin insulating sheet, a porcelain insulating sheet, and a glass insulating sheet by using an ...independently constructed test platform of insulating media to study the discharge characteristics along the surface of insulating media under low air pressure and strong airflow environment. Experiments were conducted to obtain the variation in the discharge characteristics along the surface of the four kinds of insulation media with respect to airflow velocity at different air pressures. The discharge voltage characteristics and discharge morphology characteristics along the surface of the insulating media in a strong airflow environment at low air pressure are elucidated. This paper provides theoretical support for the selection of insulation materials and insulation protection design for a low air pressure and strong airflow environment.
Lipophilic statins which are blood brain barrier (BBB) permeable are speculated to affect the cholesterol synthesis and neural functions in the central nervous system. However, whether these statins ...can affect cholesterol levels and synaptic plasticity in hippocampus and the in vivo consequence remain unclear. Here, we report that long-term subcutaneous treatments of simvastatin significantly impair mouse hippocampal synaptic plasticity, reflected by the attenuated long-term potentiation of field excitatory postsynaptic potentials. The simvastatin administration causes a deficiency in recognition and spatial memory but fails to affect motor ability and anxiety behaviors in the mice. Mass spectrometry imaging indicates a significant decrease in cholesterol intensity in hippocampus of the mice receiving chronic simvastatin treatments. Such effects of simvastatin are transient because drug discontinuation can restore the hippocampal cholesterol level and synaptic plasticity and the memory function. These findings may provide further clues to elucidate the mechanisms of neurological side effects, especially the brain cognitive function impairment, caused by long-term usage of BBB-permeable statins.
The first purpose of this study was to reveal the distribution of the angel wing (AW) of geese. Our data showed that the total incidence of AW was 6.67% in 150-day-old White Zhedong (ZD) geese, the ...occurrence of AW in left wing is higher than that in right wing and bilateral wing than unilateral wing (both P < 0.01). In 70-day-old Hybrid-Wanxi (HW) geese, the total incidence of AW was 8.86%, with similar incidence rate between unilateral and bilateral. The sex has not apparently affected the incidence of AW in both ZD and HW geese. To explore the potential relationship between wing type with body weight, organ index, bone characteristic, or blood biochemical parameters in 70-day-old HW geese. We found that the body weight and organ index were similar between normal wing (NW) and AW geese. The length for the humerus, metacarpal and phalanx, and the phalanx weights, as well as the angle between the humerus and the radial ulna (HRU) in NW geese were pronounced greater than that in AW geese (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the angel wing was strongly associated with lower platelet size indicators. Collectively, AW affected the wing bone length, phalanx weight, and HRU, and the occurrence of AW may be related with dysfunctional platelet activation in geese.
The dynamic response characteristics, including maximum jump height and unbalanced tension, of isolated‐span transmission lines after ice‐shedding are investigated by means of experiments. A ...reduced‐scale modelling method for ice‐shedding from conductor lines is presented and verified with numerical simulations and full‐scale test results in the literature. A parameter study on dynamic responses of isolated‐span conductors under three ice‐shedding scenarios, including whole span ice‐shedding, partial ice‐shedding and unzipping ice‐shedding, is carried out by means of reduced‐scale modelling tests. The effects of these parameters on the maximum jump height at typical positions and unbalanced tension in the tension tower are obtained. It is observed that the partial ice‐shedding scenario may be the worst situation for electrical insulation clearance rather than the whole span ice‐shedding scenario. Moreover, the position of maximum jump height along the span of isolated‐span transmission lines after ice‐shedding could be at around 2/5 of span length, which is different from the conventional opinion that the position is at the midpoint. The results may provide a foundation for the defining of the insulation clearance for an isolated‐span transmission line and the structure design of tension tower arms in an iced zone.
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