The objective of the present study was to investigate the selected performance adaptations of amateur soccer players to 2 different running-based sprint interval training (SIT) protocols with ...different recovery intervals and work-rest ratios (1:5 & 1:1). Twenty-three subjects (age 21.4 ± 1.1 years; height 175.4 ± 4.7 cm; body mass 69 ± 6.4 kg) participated in the study. Before the 6-weeks training period, participants completed 3-weeks of low-intensity training preparation. Subsequently, the pre-tests (anthropometric measurements, repeated sprint test 12 × 20-m with 30-s recovery intervals, Yo-Yo
& Yo-Yo
and treadmill VO
test) were conducted. Thereafter, participants were randomly divided into 3 sub-groups (1 - SIT with 150 s recovery intervals SIT150, n = 8; 2 - SIT with 30 s recovery intervals SIT30, n = 7; and 3 - control group CG, n = 8). SIT150 and SIT30 training groups completed sprint interval training (2-days/week; 30-s all-out running, 6-10 repetition with 150 s recovery intervals for SIT150 and 30 s for SIT30 groups, respectively), a soccer match (1-day) and routine soccer training (3-days) per week. The CG attended only routine training sessions and the soccer-match (4-days). The study experiments and the trainings were conducted during off-season. Yo-Yo
, Yo-Yo
, and VO
were significantly improved both in SIT30 and SIT150 (p < 0.05) groups. Yo-Yo
and VO
were also significantly improved in CG (p < 0.05). Both the SIT150 and SIT30 training were shown to improve Yo-Yo
, Yo-Yo
and VO
performance compared to the control group, nevertheless, SIT150 was more efficient in improving the Yo-Yo
, Yo-Yo
than SIT30. The authors of this study suggest using SIT150 to induce more effective performance outputs in amateur soccer players.
The purpose of this study was to reveal the differences between ACTN3 genotype (RR, RX, XX) and aerobic performance Yo-Yo IRT1 (m), VO2 max (ml/kg/min) in professional and regional amateur league ...soccer players and to reveal which of these parameters was a distinctive factor in these athletes.71 professional soccer players (age: 23.66 ± 4.11 years; body height: 1.79 ± 6.99 m; body weight: 76.02 ± 6.76 kg; body fat: 11.59±3.11 %) and 62 regional amateur soccer players (age: 23.63 ±3.77 years; body height: 1.81 ± 5.77 m; body weight: 76.36 ± 7.53 kg; body fat: 15.60±4.65 %) volunteered for the study. After DNA extraction from buccal epithelial cells via a commercial kit was performed for the genetic background of the athletes, Real-Time PCR was carried out for genotyping. Furthermore, Yo-Yo IRT1 test was performed to determine the aerobic performance of the soccer players. SPSS 23 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) package program was used for the statistical analysis of the data obtained in the tests. Shapiro-Wilk test for normality and Levene's test for homogeneity of variance were performed. Chi-Square, Independent Sample T Test and One Way ANOVA test were used in the analysis of the parameters. Statistical significance was set as p<0.05. In the study, there found no meaningful statistical significance in terms of the rs1815739 polymorphism in the ACTN3 gene between the groups (p>0.05); however, there was a statistical significance in favor of professional soccer players in terms of aerobic parameters (p<0.05). Consequently, it can be said that aerobic performance is the distinguishing factor, not the ACTN3 gene, in soccer players.
Abstract Diker, G., Zileli, R., Özkamçı, H & Ön, S. (2021). Seasonal changes in the aerobic performance of young soccer players. PENSAR EN MOVIMIENTO: Revista de Ciencias del Ejercicio y la Salud, ...19(1), 1-16. Longitudinal studies evaluating seasonal changes in the aerobic capacity of young soccer players of different age categories are limited. The aim of this study was to investigate the seasonal changes in the aerobic level of young professional soccer players. This research study included 51 soccer players in the U14, U15, U16, U17, and U18 categories of an elite soccer team. Aerobic capacity in athletes was measured using the Yo-YoIRT 1 Test. In the analyses, normal distribution of data was assessed with the Shapiro-Wilk test, and homogeneity of variance was tested with the Levene’s Test. A one-way ANOVA test was used to analyze parametric data. All statistical evaluations were conducted with the help of the SPSS 21 software package. According to the Yo-YoIRT 1 test, increases or decreases were determined in the pre-season, mid-season, and end-of-season evaluations. As a result, in the present study conducted to examine the seasonal changes of the young elite soccer players in the U14, U15, U16, U17, and U18 categories, Yo-YoIRT 1 values in all categories increased significantly at the end of the season when compared to the pre-season and the mid-season. U14 and U16 age groups gained increasing acceleration since the pre-season. However, in U15, U17, and U18 age groups, acceleration decreased in the middle of the season and increased at the end of the season. Differences may be observed in the responses to the training loads during maturation. It can be suggested that the increase at the end of the season compared to the pre-season in all groups may be due to the athletes’ adaptation to training programs is affected by the developmental characteristics regarding age categories over time.
Background and Study Aim. Sprint performance plays a major role in success of field-based team sports such as soccer. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between sprinting ...performance and both lower and upper extremity explosive strength in young soccer players.
Material and Methods. One hundred forty-seven soccer players (mean±SD; age 11.6±1.66 years, height 143.2±11.8 cm, body mass 37.1±10.2 kg and training experience 1.11±1.5 years) voluntarily participated in this study. The sprinting performance of each player was determined using their 5, 10, 20 and 30m single sprint times. The lower and upper extremity explosive strength were evaluated by standing long jump and medicine ball throwing tests respectively. Prior to the study, each of the players was given detailed information about the risks and injuries they could encounter during the study, and parental consent was obtained by their signatures on informed voluntary consent forms since the subjects were under the age of 18. Permission to conduct the study was obtained from Ankara University Medical Faculty’s Surgical and Medical Research Ethics Committee.
Results. The results indicated a strong relationship between sprinting performance and horizontal jump performance (r=-.671 ̶ -.764; p=0.001) and also a large relationship between sprinting performance and upper extremity strength (r=-.633 ̶ -.703; p=0.001). The sprint performance (n=147) also significantly correlated with body weight (r=-.345 ̶ -.373; p=0.001) and height (r=-.445 ̶ -.505; p=0.001).
Conclusions. The study results suggest that upper extremity strength is as important as the lower extremity strength for sprinting performance and that trainers should emphasize lower and upper extremity strength in training intended to improve sprinting performance.
Objective: Athlete sleep behavior questionnaire (ASBQ) is a new,
valid and reliable questionnaire for evaluating the sleep behaviors of
elite athletes. The main objective of the current study was to ...provide
evidence for the validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the ASBQ
(ASBQ-TR).
Materials and Methods: Ninety-seven athletes and eighty-three nonathletes
were included in the current study and asked to complete
the 18-item ASBQ-TR. A sub-group of athletes (n=50) completed the
ASBQ-TR twice, 7 days apart. The ASBQ was translated into English
twice and then back-translated to Turkish after the permission of the
author was received. Test-retest reliability and internal consistency were
performed via intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and Cronbach’s
alpha, respectively.
Results: There was a significant difference between the athlete and
non-athlete groups in ASBQ-TR total score (38.4 and 36.2 respectively,
p<0.05). Test-retest reliability of the questionnaire was acceptable
(ICC=0.85). The factor loadings of ASBQ-TR were between 0.41 and
0.82. One of the 18-items of the questionnaire was removed due to the
factor loading (below 0.40).
Conclusion: The ASBQ-TR is a 17-item valid and reliable tool that can be
used to identify sleep challenges that athletes face. The ASBQ-TR can be
used as a practical tool for researchers and coaches evaluating the sleep
behaviors of elite athletes. This tool may also be used to examine the
sleep behavior differences among sports with different recovery needs
and training loads.
Bu çalışma, elit bir futbol takımının akademi liginde yer alan futbolcularının sezon öncesi ve sezon ortası 10m-30m sprint ve aktif-squat sıçrama performanslarının karşılaştırılması amacıyla ...yapılmıştır. Çalışmaya; yaş ortalamaları 16,50±0,71 yıl, boy uzunlukları ortalamaları 174,06 ± 6,53 cm, vücut ağırlıkları ortalaması 66,89±7,09 kg, vücut yağ yüzdesi ortalamaları %7,16±1,51 olan 18 futbol oyuncusu katılmıştır. Sporculara, aktif ve squat sıçrama testleri, 10 ve 30 m sprint testleri sezon öncesi dönem ve birinci hazırlık döneminde uygulanmıştır. Sporcuların, sezon öncesi ve ortası aktif ve pasif sıçrama yükseklikleri ve 10 m sprint süreleri arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı fark bulunmuştur (p<0,050). Bu fark hazırlık döneminde sporcuların sıçrama ve sprint performanslarının birinci hazırlık dönemine göre daha iyi olduğu yönündedir. Sonuç olarak, genç futbolcularda müsabaka döneminin başlamasıyla artan antrenman ve müsabaka sayıları, oluşan stres ve biriken hasar bazı anaerobik aktivitelerin bozulmasına sebep olabilir.
The aim of this research is to evaluate the constructivist learning environments of physical education and sport teacher candidates. For this purpose, 928 students (523 male, 405 female) selected by ...the appropriate sampling method from the Physical Education and Sport Teaching Department of 17 universities consisted the sample of the research. In the study; "Constructivist Learning Environments Evaluation Scale" developed by Arkun and Askar (2010) was used in order to reveal the opinions of the students about the constructivist learning environment. The scale consists of 7 Likert type, 6 sub dimensions and 28 items. The Cronbach alpha reliability coefficient for this study was found to be .93. The lowest score that can be taken from the scale is 28 and the highest score is 196. Kruskal Wallis Variance Analysis and Mann Whitney U test were used because the obtained data did not show normal distribution (Kolmogorov-Smirnov), and the significance level was taken as 0.05. As a result of the research, the constructivist learning environments of 17th universities 3rd and 4th grade teacher candidates were evaluated in terms of age, gender and grade variables. According to this, there was no significant difference when the average scores of constructivist learning environments were compared in terms of age and class levels of physical education and sports teacher candidates. In comparison with gender, female teacher candidates were found to have a more constructive learning environment.
Sprint, change of direction, jump performance plays a major role in success of field-based team sports such as football. This study aims to indicate the relationship between linear sprint (10m, 30m), ...change of direction (HUFA with and without ball), vertical jump (CMJ) and power (peak power, peak average) parameters in 11-12 years old football players. Thirty-six male football players (average of age 12.55+ or -0.50 years, standing height average 155.63+ or -9.34 cm, body weight average 46.57+ or -8.15, average of years of training 3.58+ or -0.96) from U12 and U13 categories of a football team in Turkish Super League participated in this study. Normality of the data was analysed with the Shapiro-Wilk test and homogeneity of variance was analysed with the Levene test. Statistical analysis of the data obtained were carried out by Pearson Correlation Test as the data was parametric. Statistical significance was accepted as p<0.05. According to the findings, a highly negative significant correlation was found between 10 m and 30 m linear sprint with peak power and average power (p<0.01). There was a moderate, negative significant correlation between change of direction without ball performance and average power (p<0.05). Moderate, negative significant correlation between HUFA change of direction with ball performance and average power was also found (p<0.05). Consequently, leg strength is important and trainings should include drills to improve the leg strength, if sprint speed, maximal speed and quick change of direction speed of the football players in this age group are desired to be improved. Key words: Young. Male football players. Anaerobic process. Adolescence. Análise da relação entre habilidade de mudança de direção, velocidade e potência na adolescência Sprint, mudança de direção, desempenho de salto desempenha um papel importante no sucesso de esportes de equipe baseados em campo, como o futebol. Este estudo tem como objetivo indicar a relação entre os parâmetros de sprint linear (10m, 30m), mudança de direção (HUFA com e sem bola), salto vertical (CMJ) e potência (potência de pico, média de pico) em jogadores de futebol de 11 a 12 anos. Trinta e seis jogadores de futebol do sexo masculino (idade média 12,55+ or -0,50 anos, estatura média 155,63+ or -9,34 cm, peso corporal médio 46,57+ or -8,15, média de anos de treinamento 3,58+ or -0,96) das categorias U12 e U13 de um time de futebol turco A Super Liga participou deste estudo. A normalidade dos dados foi analisada com o teste de Shapiro-Wilk e a homogeneidade da variância foi analisada com o teste de Levene. A análise estatística dos dados obtidos foi realizada pelo Teste de Correlação de Pearson, pois os dados eram paramétricos. A significância estatística foi aceita como p<0,05. De acordo com os achados, foi encontrada uma correlação significativa altamente negativa entre o sprint linear de 10 me 30 m com a potência de pico e a potência média (p<0,01). Houve uma correlação moderada, significativa negativa entre mudança de direção sem desempenho de bola e potência média (p<0,05). Também foi encontrada correlação moderada, significativa negativa entre a mudança de direção do HUFA com o desempenho da bola e a potência média (p<0,05). Consequentemente, a força das pernas é importante e os treinamentos devem incluir exercícios para melhorar a força das pernas, se a velocidade de sprint, a velocidade máxima e a velocidade de mudança rápida de direção dos jogadores de futebol nessa faixa etária são desejadas. Palavras-chave: Jovens. Jogadores de futebol masculino. Processo anaeróbico. Adolescência.
The correct torque ratio between the knee joint extensor and flexor muscle groups can effectively prevent injuries to the anterior cruciate ligament and hamstring strain. However, it is unclear ...whether a high torque ratio of the knee joint flexor muscles to the extensor muscles is beneficial for sport performance. Therefore, the aim of the study was to investigate the relationship between the hamstring-to-quadriceps (H/Q) ratio and sprint times (10- and 30-m) and jump heights (CMJ—countermovement jump and SJ—squat jump) in soccer players. The study examined 26 young elite soccer players (age: 18.1 ± 0.7 years; body height: 1.77 ± 0.05 m; body mass: 72.7 ± 5.7 kg). Knee joint flexor and extensor peak torques were assessed using the Cybex dynamometer (at 60°/s, 120°/s and 180°/s). Additionally, each participant performed the CMJ, SJ, and 30 m sprint. A significant relationship was obtained between the H/Q ratio (60°/s) and 30 m sprint time (r = 0.47). The positive direction of this relationship may indicate an important role of knee joint extensors in sprinting performance. Moreover, the H/Q ratio was not significantly associated with the CMJ, SJ or 10 m sprint performance. The H/Q ratio should be considered together with the peak torque values in terms of the assessment of sprinting and jumping performance.
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