La educación incide en el desarrollo social y cultural de las naciones, por lo que de su perfeccionamiento se esperan logros significativos en el avance integral de la sociedad. En el campo de la ...educación en ciencias de la salud es crucial la formación de docentes que puedan afrontar los retos que se plantean en el ámbito mundial y mantener altos estándares de calidad. En el presente artículo se analizan los diversos parámetros establecidos para definir las competencias de los docentes en ciencias de la salud, sus funciones y las actividades necesarias para su cumplimiento involucrando a los diversos actores del proceso educativo. Este modelo busca generar procesos formativos de mayor calidad, con base en las necesidades de la sociedad, del desarrollo de la profesión y del trabajo académico. Asumir esta responsabilidad implica que las facultades de ciencias de la salud redefinan sus proyectos educativos y promuevan de manera congruente acciones pedagógicas que se traduzcan en modificaciones reales de las prácticas docentes. Por ello es importante que los docentes participen continuamente en acciones de formación y capacitación para desarrollar competencias similares a las que buscan formar en los estudiantes.
•After six years, studied anthrosols from road embankments are fully functional.•Soil functionality was directly related with organic carbon content.•Soil organic carbon, clay content and humidity ...determined soil community structure.•Emergent soil functioning should be prioritized in roadside restoration.
Earth movements for road construction give rise to nutrient-poor anthrosols. Early onset of soil processes in these environments has been reported on the basis of plant cover establishment. Evidences of full soil functionality, however, would reveal the emergence of a self-sustainable ecosystem on these man-made substrates. The aims of the present study involved (1) assessing soil functionality on six-year-old road embankments by means of the QBS index, based on microarthropod communities (2) elucidating soil properties responsible for the composition of soil microartrhopod communities, and (3) exploring the practical implications of soil quality for road embankment management. Road embankments were functional with QBS values comparable to those found in natural systems (>100). Soil quality in these environments depended on soil organic carbon dynamics. Among the 36 arthropod groups found, Acari and Collembola dominated the soil community. Variation in microarthropod community composition was best explained by higher abundances of Brachypilina (Oribatida, Acari) and Symphypleona (Collembola). These trends in soil community structure were intimately linked to soil organic carbon content, clay content and humidity. Given its relevance, the acknowledgment of the early functionality attained by these roadside anthrosols should lead to the revision of current protocols for roadslope monitoring and management.
Global distribution of earthworm diversity Phillips, Helen R P; Guerra, Carlos A; Bartz, Marie L C ...
Science (American Association for the Advancement of Science),
10/2019, Letnik:
366, Številka:
6464
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Soil organisms, including earthworms, are a key component of terrestrial ecosystems. However, little is known about their diversity, their distribution, and the threats affecting them. We compiled a ...global dataset of sampled earthworm communities from 6928 sites in 57 countries as a basis for predicting patterns in earthworm diversity, abundance, and biomass. We found that local species richness and abundance typically peaked at higher latitudes, displaying patterns opposite to those observed in aboveground organisms. However, high species dissimilarity across tropical locations may cause diversity across the entirety of the tropics to be higher than elsewhere. Climate variables were found to be more important in shaping earthworm communities than soil properties or habitat cover. These findings suggest that climate change may have serious implications for earthworm communities and for the functions they provide.
Diet containing Mexican ancestral foods such as cocoa, nopal, avocado, and common bean have been individually reported to have beneficial effects on obesity and comorbidities. Methods: A systematic ...review and meta-analysis on the effect of Mexican ancestral foods on the anthropometric, lipid, and glycemic control variables in obese patients was performed following PRISMA guidelines. Data were analyzed using a random-effects model. Results: We selected 4664 articles from an initial search, of which only fifteen studies satisfied the inclusion criteria. Data for 1670 participants were analyzed: 843 in the intervention group and 827 in the control group. A significant reduction in body mass index (mean difference: −0.80 (−1.31 to −0.30)) (95% confidence interval), p = 0.002, heterogeneity Isup.2 = 92% was showed after the ingestion of cocoa, nopal, avocado, or common bean. The mean difference for body weight was −0.57 (−1.93 to 0.79), waist of circumference: −0.16 (−2.54 to −2.21), total cholesterol: −5.04 (−11.5 to 1.08), triglycerides: −10.11 (−27.87 to 7.64), fasting glucose: −0.81 (−5.81 to 4.19), and insulin: −0.15 (−0.80 to 0.50). Mexican ancestral food supplementation seems to improve anthropometric, lipid, and glycemic control variables in obesity; however, more randomized controlled trials are needed to have further decisive evidence about dosage and method of supplementation and to increase the sample size.
Desde la perspectiva de la calidad en educación, la evaluación docente es una piedra angular que posibilita la mejora de los procesos formulados en las políticas educativas. Aunque se le ha concedido ...un rol operativo como mecanismo de medición, control, homogenización e influenciado por las políticas neoliberales internacionales. El objetivo del artículo es identificar los lineamientos de las políticas de evaluación docente en Colombia y reasignarle un verdadero sentido a través de una propuesta, la cual permita el desarrollo profesoral continuo. De tal forma que, ésta evaluación se considere un verdadero instrumento de reflexión que propicie la participación de todos los actores involucrados en el proceso educativo, y cuya finalidad sea el aporte de elementos de análisis que contribuyan a la construcción de consensos para la toma de decisiones, que trasciendan en la consolidación de las comunidades educativas, exaltando el colegaje, el trabajo autónomo y la profesionalización docente.
La crisis por COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) puede convertirse en una catástrofe alimentaria para Latinoamérica, aumentando las personas que padecen hambre de 135 a 265 millones, especialmente en Venezuela, ...Guatemala, Honduras, Haití y El Salvador, que ya enfrentaban crisis económicas y sanitarias. Este manuscrito presenta la posición de un grupo de expertos latinoamericanos sobre las recomendaciones de consumo y/o suplementación con vitamina A, C, D, zinc, hierro, folatos y micronutrientes múltiples, en contextos de desnutrición, para grupos vulnerables: mujeres embarazadas y lactantes, niñas y niños menores de 5 años y adultos mayores. Las recomendaciones buscan disminuir el impacto potencial que tendrá COVID-19 en el estado nutricional, durante la pandemia. La posición surge de la discusión de dichos expertos con base a la revisión de evidencia científica actual para estos grupos vulnerables. Está dirigida a tomadores de decisiones, encargados de políticas públicas, personal de salud y organismos de la sociedad civil. Después de la lactancia materna y una dieta suficiente en cantidad y calidad, la suplementación con los micronutrientes presentados, puede contribuir a prevenir y tratar enfermedades virales, reforzar el sistema inmune y reducir complicaciones. La lactancia materna con medidas de higiene respiratoria, el suministro de múltiples micronutrientes en polvo para niños desde los 6 meses hasta los 5 años y el aporte de hierro y folatos o micronutrientes múltiples para la embarazada, son estrategias comprobadas y eficaces que deben seguirse implementando en tiempos de COVID-19. Para los adultos mayores la suplementación con vitamina C, D y zinc puede estar indicada. The COVID-19 crisis (SARS-CoV-2) might transform into a food catastrophe in Latin America and would increase the number of people suffering from hunger from 135 to 265 million, particularly in Venezuela, Guatemala, Honduras, Haiti and El Salvador, already facing economic and health crises. This manuscript presents the position of a group of Latin American experts in nutrition for establishing the recommendations for consumption and / or supplementation with vitamin A, C, D, zinc, iron, folates and multiple micronutrients, in undernutrition contexts, for vulnerable population of pregnant and lactating women, children under 5 years and the elderly. The recommendations seek to decrease the potential impact that COVID-19 will have on nutritional status during the pandemic. The position arises from the discussion of the experts based on the review of current scientific evidence for these vulnerable groups. It aims to reach stakeholders, public policy makers, health personnel and civil society organizations. Only after breastfeeding and a sufficient diet in terms of quantity and quality, a supplementation with the micronutrients mentioned above can help prevent and treat viral diseases, strengthen the immune system and even reduce complications. Breastfeeding with respiratory hygiene measures, the provision of multiple micronutrients powders for children from 6 moths to 5 years of age and the supply of iron and folates or multiple micronutrients tablets for pregnant women are proven and effective strategies that must continue to be implemented during COVID-19 pandemic. For older adults, supplementation with vitamin C, D and zinc might be indicated.
In recent years, it has been discovered that the endemic earthworm Carpetania elisae (formerly Hormogaster elisae) consists of a complex of at least six cryptic species. Studying the relationships ...between these new cryptic species and other soil animal communities may be important to understand their functional role in the soil, and eventually to detect possible differences that may help in the delimitation of these species. We have studied the effects of two of these cryptic species (species I from El Molar Ce1 and species II from El Tomillar Ce2) on soil microarthropod communities. Several laboratory experiments were performed with both cryptic species, in the soils of both localities inhabited by these earthworm species, to determine their effects on soil microarthropod communities. Both earthworm species grew quite well throughout the experiment in their original soil, but while Ce1 grew up well when cultivated in the opposite soil from El Tomillar, Ce2 cultivated in the soil from El Molar survived but did not grow. Ce1 from El Molar showed a clear negative effect on microarthropods from El Molar and El Tomillar, whereas Ce2 from El Tomillar had a clear negative effect on soil microarthropods from its original soil but not on the ones from the opposite soil of El Molar. This paper demonstrates differences of both cryptic species on their effects on soil community, which suggest that they may play different roles in the soil system. Several mechanisms likely involved on the effect of earthworms on soil arthropods are discussed, being the competition for organic matter the most probable one in the case of these endogeic earthworms.
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•Two cryptic earthworm species affect soil arthropods differently in laboratory.•Both species had a negative effect on the arthropods from the soils they inhabit.•They had different effects on arthropods from the soil where they don't inhabit.•Competition for food seems to be an important mechanism driving these effects.
Given the well-known role of earthworms in the functioning and health of soils and whole ecosystems, feasible and reliable studies of their abundance and diversity in agricultural lands are essential ...for the effective design of best agricultural practices. However, previous work has shown that the extraction efficiency of different methods proposed seems to depend on species and size of earthworms and presumably on soil type, which makes creating an earthworm inventory difficult. In the present study, we compare the efficiency of five earthworm extraction methods combining hand-sorting with chemical expellants (hand-sorting, formalin, allyl isothiocyanate (AITC), formalin + hand-sorting and AITC + hand-sorting) over a wide range of soil properties (depth, texture and water regime) in cultivated and semi-natural habitats found in a Mediterranean region (CW-Spain). Sampling efficacy was measured in terms of number of earthworms extracted, taking into account different species, ecological groups, development stages, size of individuals, and soil properties. We found 20 species, only 6 endogeic and 1 anecic species being abundant. The anecic Aporrectodea trapezoides responded reasonably to chemical expellants, as did certain soil surface dwelling endogeic species (Microscolex phosphoreus and Microscolex dubius), with above 50% of specimens of these species sampled after chemical application. For other endogeic species, such as Allolobophora molleri and Aporrectodea rosea, chemical expellants gave poor results (<15% and 5% of specimens, respectively), and combined methods produced similar results to hand-sorting alone. Hand-sorting appears necessary for sampling the total earthworm community in particular for endogeic species, but when only species richness is of interest, the application of a chemical expellant can be a time-efficient method. Response to different methods was irrespective of the earthworm size within species, but depended on the maturity stage of the specimens, habitat type and soil properties, making difficult the adoption of a simple sampling protocol for large surveys in highly fragmented Mediterranean earthworm communities.
•We compare efficiency of earthworm extraction methods in farmed Mediterranean soils.•Chemical expellants were suitable to establish species richness and anecic earthworms.•Hand-sorting was indispensable to estimate endogeic species abundance.•Response to sampling methods depends on maturity, habitat type and soil properties.•No single sampling method seems suitable for Mediterranean earthworms.
Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) is a frequent disease in which the genetic alterations determining the clinicobiological behaviour are not fully understood. Here we describe a comprehensive ...evaluation of the genomic landscape of 452 CLL cases and 54 patients with monoclonal B-lymphocytosis, a precursor disorder. We extend the number of CLL driver alterations, including changes in ZNF292, ZMYM3, ARID1A and PTPN11. We also identify novel recurrent mutations in non-coding regions, including the 3' region of NOTCH1, which cause aberrant splicing events, increase NOTCH1 activity and result in a more aggressive disease. In addition, mutations in an enhancer located on chromosome 9p13 result in reduced expression of the B-cell-specific transcription factor PAX5. The accumulative number of driver alterations (0 to ≥4) discriminated between patients with differences in clinical behaviour. This study provides an integrated portrait of the CLL genomic landscape, identifies new recurrent driver mutations of the disease, and suggests clinical interventions that may improve the management of this neoplasia.
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