“Nobility of the Robe” and “Nobility of the Sword,” two expressions commonly repeated in historiography of the nobility of the modern era, are not simple social descriptions. Their chronologically ...staggered appearance, and the development of their usage in the seventeenth century are the result of the transformations of the Second Estate, transformations which themselves stemmed from monarchical policy (development of the venality of offices, desire to control the definition of nobility) and from struggles for power among the elites of the realm. A social history of their uses should be confronted with an analysis of the social careers of Second Estate families. This would show to what extent these expressions are above all ascriptions referring to ideological confrontations, to value judgments about what the nobility should be, and, finally, to a desire to separate social spaces that were, nevertheless, porous. Such a history clearly shows how terms designating conditions become categories designating groups based on classification. These were changes that brought about great consequences as much for the future of noble families as for the concept of the nobility itself.
To report available information in the literature regarding frequency, indications, types of antibiotic usage, duration, and their efficacy in Covid-19 infected patients.
The search was conducted on ...April 30 and May 7, 2020, using Ovid database and Google search. Patients’ characteristics, clinical outcomes, as well as selected characteristics regarding antibiotic use (indication, class used, rates and types of bacterial secondary and co-infection, and duration of treatment) were analyzed.
Nineteen clinical studies reporting data from 2834 patients were included. Mean rate of antibiotic use was 74.0 % of cases. Half the studies reported occurrence of a bacterial co-infection or complication (10 studies). Amongst the latter, at least 17.6 % of patients who received antibiotics had secondary infections. Pooled data of 4 studies show that half of patients receiving antibiotics were not severe nor critical. Detailed data on antibiotic use lack in most articles.
The present review found a major use of antibiotics amongst Covid-19 hospitalized patients, mainly in an empirical setting. There is no proven efficacy of this practice. Further research to determine relevant indications for antibiotic use in Covid-19 patients is critical in view of the significant mortality associated with secondary infections in these patients, and the rising antimicrobial resistance.
1960, following as it did the last CIAM meeting, signalled a turning point for the Modern Movement. From then on, architecture was influenced by seminal texts by Aldo Rossi and Robert Venturi, and ...gave rise to the first revisionary movement following Modernism. Bringing together leading experts in the field, this book provides a comprehensive, critical overview of the developments in architecture from 1960 to 2010. It consists of two parts: the first section providing a presentation of major movements in architecture after 1960, and the second, a geographic survey that covers a wide range of territories around the world. This book not only reflects the different perspectives of its various authors, but also charts a middle course between the 'aesthetic' histories that examine architecture solely in terms of its formal aspects, and the more 'ideological' histories that subject it to a critique that often skirts the discussion of its formal aspects.
Dr Elie G. Haddad is the Dean of the School of Architecture and Design at the Lebanese American University, Lebanon and Dr David Rifkind is a Lecturer in Architecture at the Florida International University, USA.
Contents: Introduction: modernism and beyond: the plurality of contemporary architectures, Elie G. Haddad and David Rifkind. Part I Major Developments After Modernism: Modern (or contemporary) architecture circa 1959, Peter L. Laurence; Post-modernism: critique and reaction, David Rifkind; High-tech: modernism redux, Sarah Deyong; Deconstruction: the project of radical self-criticism, Elie G. Haddad; Greening architecture: the impact of sustainability, Phillip Tabb; Postcolonial theories in architecture, Esra Akcan. Part II Architectural Developments Around the World: Architecture in North America since 1960, Brendan Moran; Architectural developments in Latin America: 1960-2010, Zeuler R.M. de A. Lima; The place of commonplace: the ordinary as alternative architectural lens in Western Europe, Tom Avermaete; Dutch modern architecture: from an architecture of consensus to the culture of congestion, Frances Hsu; Metaphorical peripheries: architecture in Spain and Portugal, Xavier Costa; Architecture in Switzerland: a natural history, Laurent Stalder; Architecture in Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union since 1960, Kimberley Elman Zarecor; Finland: architecture and cultural identity, Taisto H. Mäkelä; Architecture in Africa: situated modern and the production of locality, Iain Low; Global conflict and global glitter: architecture of West Asia (1960-2010), Esra Akcan; Old sites, new frontiers: modern and contemporary architecture in Iran, Pamela Karimi; Beyond tropical regionalism: the architecture of Southeast Asia, Kelly Shannon; Internationalism and architecture in India after Nehru, Amit Srivastava and Peter Scriver; Architecture in China in the reform era: 1978-2010, Tao Zhu; Architecture in post-World War II Japan, Ken Tadashi Oshima; Edge of centre: architecture in Australia and New Zealand after 1965, Philip Goad. Index.
With modern architecture's collapse as a unified body of thought and practice by the 1960s, the global field of architectural production has been marked by extraordinary diversity and innovation. This substantial volume ranges over wide territory, providing insightful critical and geographic perspectives on the last half century of architecture and locating the most significant points of reference for a revised historical understanding. The more than twenty contributors belong to a new generation of scholars. Carefully edited by Elie Haddad and David Rifkind and generously illustrated, this is an invaluable guide to architecture's recent past as well as to its present.
Joan Ockman, Author of Architecture Culture 1943-1968: A Documentary Anthology.
Severe Combined Immunodeficiencies (SCID) are a heterogeneous group of monogenetic diseases. We describe the typical clinical presentation of patients with SCID as well as basic principles in ...diagnosis and therapy by hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Therapeutic strategies may differ between subtypes and the inherent reduced capacity or inablility to reject a graft have to be considered.
Parmi les travaux récents en histoire de la parenté, celui de Gérard Delille se distingue par son ambition : comprendre le système européen de la parenté et de l’alliance entre Moyen Âge et époque ...moderne, à la croisée de l’histoire et de l’anthropologie. Cet article revient sur les principaux éléments de ce système et sur la conception de la parenté qui le fonde, avant de présenter les grandes figures de l’alliance – bouclages consanguins, échanges entre lignées alternées, renchaînements d’alliances – qui y sont à l’œuvre, et ce pour interroger la relation entre ce système d’alliance et le système de parenté plus général, qui n’est pas exempte de tensions. L’article discute alors la place de la parenté par rapport aux autres structures sociales et les manières d’envisager les relations entre structures et contextes.
Adams Julia, « The familial state: Elite family practices and state-making in the early modern Netherlands », Theory and Society, n° 23/4, août 1994, p. 505-539. Addobbati Andrea, Bizzocchi Roberto ...et Salinero Gregorio (a cura di), L’Italia dei cognomi. L’antroponimia italiana nel quadro mediterraneo, Pise, Pisa University Press, 2012. Ago Renata, « Ruoli familiari e statuto giuridico », Quaderni storici, n° 88, avril 1995, p. 111-133. – « Oltre la dote : i beni femminili », in Angela Groppi ...
Summary Background In chronic granulomatous disease allogeneic haemopoietic stem-cell transplantation (HSCT) in adolescents and young adults and patients with high-risk disease is complicated by ...graft-failure, graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), and transplant-related mortality. We examined the effect of a reduced-intensity conditioning regimen designed to enhance myeloid engraftment and reduce organ toxicity in these patients. Methods This prospective study was done at 16 centres in ten countries worldwide. Patients aged 0–40 years with chronic granulomatous disease were assessed and enrolled at the discretion of individual centres. Reduced-intensity conditioning consisted of high-dose fludarabine (30 mg/m2 infants <9 kg 1·2 mg/kg; one dose per day on days −8 to −3), serotherapy (anti-thymocyte globulin 10 mg/kg, one dose per day on days −4 to −1; or thymoglobuline 2·5 mg/kg, one dose per day on days −5 to −3; or low-dose alemtuzumab <1 mg/kg on days −8 to −6), and low-dose (50–72% of myeloablative dose) or targeted busulfan administration (recommended cumulative area under the curve: 45–65 mg/L × h). Busulfan was administered mainly intravenously and exceptionally orally from days −5 to −3. Intravenous busulfan was dosed according to weight-based recommendations and was administered in most centres (ten) twice daily over 4 h. Unmanipulated bone marrow or peripheral blood stem cells from HLA-matched related-donors or HLA-9/10 or HLA-10/10 matched unrelated-donors were infused. The primary endpoints were overall survival and event-free survival (EFS), probabilities of overall survival and EFS at 2 years, incidence of acute and chronic GVHD, achievement of at least 90% myeloid donor chimerism, and incidence of graft failure after at least 6 months of follow-up. Results 56 patients (median age 12·7 years; IQR 6·8–17·3) with chronic granulomatous disease were enrolled from June 15, 2003, to Dec 15, 2012. 42 patients (75%) had high-risk features (ie, intractable infections and autoinflammation), 25 (45%) were adolescents and young adults (age 14–39 years). 21 HLA-matched related-donor and 35 HLA-matched unrelated-donor transplants were done. Median time to engraftment was 19 days (IQR 16–22) for neutrophils and 21 days (IQR 16–25) for platelets. At median follow-up of 21 months (IQR 13–35) overall survival was 93% (52 of 56) and EFS was 89% (50 of 56). The 2-year probability of overall survival was 96% (95% CI 86·46–99·09) and of EFS was 91% (79·78–96·17). Graft-failure occurred in 5% (three of 56) of patients. The cumulative incidence of acute GVHD of grade III–IV was 4% (two of 56) and of chronic graft-versus-host disease was 7% (four of 56). Stable (≥90%) myeloid donor chimerism was documented in 52 (93%) surviving patients. Interpretation This reduced-intensity conditioning regimen is safe and efficacious in high-risk patients with chronic granulomatous disease. Funding None.
Bone marrow transplantation has resulted in life-saving sustained T-cell reconstitution in many infants with severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID), but correction of B-cell function has been more ...problematic. At the annual meeting of the Primary Immunodeficiency Treatment Consortium held in Boston, Massachusetts, on April 27, 2012, a debate was held regarding the use of pretransplantation conditioning versus no pretransplantation conditioning in an effort to address this problem. Reviews of the literature were made by both debaters, and there was agreement that there was a higher rate of B-cell chimerism and a lower number of patients who required ongoing immunoglobulin replacement therapy in centers that used pretransplantation conditioning. However, there were still patients who required immunoglobulin replacement in those centers, and therefore pretransplantation conditioning did not guarantee development of B-cell function. Dr Rebecca H. Buckley presented data on B-cell function according to the molecular defect of the patient, and showed that patients with IL-7 receptor α, ADA, and CD3 chain gene mutations can have normal B-cell function after transplantation with only host B cells. Dr Elie Haddad presented a statistical analysis of B-cell function in published reports and showed that only a conditioning regimen that contained busulfan was significantly associated with better B-cell function after transplantation. The question is whether the risk of immediate and long-term toxicity with use of busulfan is justified, particularly in patients with SCID with DNA repair defects and in very young newborns with SCID who will be detected by using newborn screening.
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