Increased post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) rates have been documented in children exposed to war. However, the contribution of childhood adversities and environmental sensitivity to children's ...responses to adversities and trauma are still far from settled.AimsTo evaluate the relative roles of war, childhood adversities and sensitivity in the genesis of PTSD.
Data on childhood adversities and sensitivity was collected from 549 Syrian refugee children in Lebanon. PTSD symptoms were assessed using the PTSD Reaction Index.
Although childhood adversities, war events and sensitivity were all significantly related to PTSD in bivariate analyses, multivariate analyses showed that childhood adversities were the most important variable in predicting PTSD. The effect of war on PTSD was found to be dependent on the interplay between childhood adversities and sensitivity, and was most prominent in highly sensitive children with lower levels of adversities; in sensitive children experiencing high levels of adversities, the effects of war exposure on PTSD were less pronounced.
When considering the effects of war on PTSD in refugee children, it is important to take account of the presence of other adversities as well as of children's sensitivity. Sensitive children may be more vulnerable to the negative effects of war exposure, but only in contexts that are characterised by low childhood adversities.Declaration of interestNone.
1960, following as it did the last CIAM meeting, signalled a turning point for the Modern Movement. From then on, architecture was influenced by seminal texts by Aldo Rossi and Robert Venturi, and ...gave rise to the first revisionary movement following Modernism. Bringing together leading experts in the field, this book provides a comprehensive, critical overview of the developments in architecture from 1960 to 2010. It consists of two parts: the first section providing a presentation of major movements in architecture after 1960, and the second, a geographic survey that covers a wide range of territories around the world. This book not only reflects the different perspectives of its various authors, but also charts a middle course between the 'aesthetic' histories that examine architecture solely in terms of its formal aspects, and the more 'ideological' histories that subject it to a critique that often skirts the discussion of its formal aspects.
Dr Elie G. Haddad is the Dean of the School of Architecture and Design at the Lebanese American University, Lebanon and Dr David Rifkind is a Lecturer in Architecture at the Florida International University, USA.
Contents: Introduction: modernism and beyond: the plurality of contemporary architectures, Elie G. Haddad and David Rifkind. Part I Major Developments After Modernism: Modern (or contemporary) architecture circa 1959, Peter L. Laurence; Post-modernism: critique and reaction, David Rifkind; High-tech: modernism redux, Sarah Deyong; Deconstruction: the project of radical self-criticism, Elie G. Haddad; Greening architecture: the impact of sustainability, Phillip Tabb; Postcolonial theories in architecture, Esra Akcan. Part II Architectural Developments Around the World: Architecture in North America since 1960, Brendan Moran; Architectural developments in Latin America: 1960-2010, Zeuler R.M. de A. Lima; The place of commonplace: the ordinary as alternative architectural lens in Western Europe, Tom Avermaete; Dutch modern architecture: from an architecture of consensus to the culture of congestion, Frances Hsu; Metaphorical peripheries: architecture in Spain and Portugal, Xavier Costa; Architecture in Switzerland: a natural history, Laurent Stalder; Architecture in Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union since 1960, Kimberley Elman Zarecor; Finland: architecture and cultural identity, Taisto H. Mäkelä; Architecture in Africa: situated modern and the production of locality, Iain Low; Global conflict and global glitter: architecture of West Asia (1960-2010), Esra Akcan; Old sites, new frontiers: modern and contemporary architecture in Iran, Pamela Karimi; Beyond tropical regionalism: the architecture of Southeast Asia, Kelly Shannon; Internationalism and architecture in India after Nehru, Amit Srivastava and Peter Scriver; Architecture in China in the reform era: 1978-2010, Tao Zhu; Architecture in post-World War II Japan, Ken Tadashi Oshima; Edge of centre: architecture in Australia and New Zealand after 1965, Philip Goad. Index.
With modern architecture's collapse as a unified body of thought and practice by the 1960s, the global field of architectural production has been marked by extraordinary diversity and innovation. This substantial volume ranges over wide territory, providing insightful critical and geographic perspectives on the last half century of architecture and locating the most significant points of reference for a revised historical understanding. The more than twenty contributors belong to a new generation of scholars. Carefully edited by Elie Haddad and David Rifkind and generously illustrated, this is an invaluable guide to architecture's recent past as well as to its present.
Joan Ockman, Author of Architecture Culture 1943-1968: A Documentary Anthology.
Purpose
The purpose of this study is to develop an analytical model that is capable of predicting the behavior of shear endplate beam-column assemblies when exposed to fire, taking into account the ...thermal creep effect.
Design/methodology/approach
An analytical model is developed and validated against finite element (FE) models previously validated against experimental tests in the literature. Major material and geometrical parameters are incorporated in the analysis to investigate their influence on the overall response of the shear endplate assembly in fire events.
Findings
The analytical model can predict the induced axial forces and deflections of the assembly. The results show that when creep effect is considered explicitly in the analysis, the beam undergoes excessive deformation. This deformation needs to be taken into account in the design. The results show the significance of thermal creep effect on the behavior of the shear endplate assembly as exposed to various fire scenarios.
Research limitations/implications
However, the user-defined constants of the creep equations cannot be applied to other connection types. These constants are limited to shear endplate connections having the material and geometrical parameters specified in this study.
Originality/value
The importance of the analytical model is that it provides a time-effective, simple and comprehensive technique that can be used as an alternative to the experimental tests and numerical methods. Also, it can be used to develop a design procedure that accounts for the transient thermal creep behavior of steel connections in real fire.
Correct assessment of the steel connection performance under fire requires including the time-dependent response of steel material in the structural analysis. Failure to do so might impose critical ...threats on the stability and integrity of steel structures. To this aim, the objective of this study is to investigate the effect of thermal creep on the behavior of shear endplate beam-column connections subjected to transient-state fire temperatures. First, finite element models of shear endplate assemblies are developed using ABAQUS and validated against experimental work available in the literature. Parametric studies are then carried out to study the effect of key geometrical, thermal, and material parameters on the overall response of the frame assembly in fire while explicitly including creep. This includes heating and cooling rates, initial cooling temperature, column size and height, load ratio, plate thickness, and steel grade. The results show that including thermal creep causes a reduction in the induced compressive forces and an increase in the mid-span beam deflection, for about six times higher in some cases, thus earlier development of beam catenary action. It is also concluded that lower heating and cooling rates result in larger beam tying forces on the shear end plate connections, which can reach values around ten times larger than when creep is neglected. This study shows that the current practice of neglecting creep in fire analyses, especially in slow heating, may underestimate the forces that are exerted on the shear endplate connections during fire and thus leads to unsafe structural design.
Summary
Non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are known for aggravating in vitro infections and were reported in many cases of cervical necrotizing fasciitis (CNF). We developed a rat model ...of CNF, mimicking as closely as possible the human‐CNF, to study the effect of a NSAIDs, diclofenac, as a promoting factor. Twenty rats were injected bilaterally in the neck with peptostreptococcus and with a fresh saliva specimen for another 20 rats. Half of each group was given an intramuscular injection of 4 mg/kg diclofenac at the time of inoculation and 24 h later, and the other half saline injections; rats were killed at day 7 and clinical, bacterial and histological studies were performed to assess the infectious process and the incidence of CNF. No statistically significant difference was found between groups treated with diclofenac vs. the saline injection groups. However a significant correlation was noted between clinical observation, bacterial density and histological signs of inflammation. CNF has a high mortality rate and the use of NSAIDs in conditions potentially leading to CNF is very common. However, our rat model does not support the hypothesis of a promoting role of diclofenac which was occasionally suggested in the medical literature. This study suggests that diclofenac does not seem to increase the risk of occurrence of CNF. Nonetheless, NSAIDs can mask inflammatory signs of an already spreading CNF.
This article discusses Henry van de Velde's unpublished Manuscript on Ornament, which I have reassembled from various fragments in his archives.1 Henry van de Velde is known principally for his role ...in the development of Art Nouveau in Belgium and Germany around the tum of the twentieth centure, and for his polemical role in the ‘Werkbund’ conference in cologne in 1914, which later came down in history as a reactinary attempt to oppose the historical progress of modernism. What is leess well known, or even ignored, is the role that van de Velde played in elaborating an aesthetic theory a synthesis of the two opposite poles of rational conception associated with particular understanding of the ornamental function. The Manuscript on Ornament sheds furthur light on this aesthetic thory, and the role played therein by the notion of ornament. It constitutes therefore an important document in the sequence of his intention of publishing a ‘historical—theoretical’ treatise on ornament. It is true that throughtout his earlier publications he touched on this issue from different angles, but nowhere did he set out to produce a document such as this one 12.
This article discusses Henry Van de Velde's unpublished 'Manuscript on Ornament' which I have reassembled from various fragments in his archives. Henry van de Velde is known principally for his role ...in the development of Art Nouveau in Belgium and Germany around the turn of the century, and for his polemical role in the 'Werkbund' conference in Cologne in 1914, which later came down in history as a reactionary attempt to oppose the historical progress of modernism, What is less known, or even ignored, is the role that van de Velde played in elaborating an aesthetic theory: a synthesis of the two opposite poles of national conception associated with machine production and an 'empathic' conception of art articulated around a particular understanding of ornamental function. The 'Manuscript on Ornament' sheds further light on this aesthetic theory, and the role played therein by the notion of ornament. It constitutes therefore an important document in the sequence of his writings, the culmination of a long process, as evidenced by the author's repeated indications of his intention of publishing a 'historical-theoretical' treatise on ornament. It is true that throughout his earlier publications he touched on this issue from different angles, but nowhere did he set out to produce a document such as this one.
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