Abstract
This article details how a subset of women can perceive of prison as temporary refuge from the hardships and marginalization they face on the outside. It focuses particularly on a group of ...88 women incarcerated in western Canada. A large percentage of these women accentuated several reasons why they saw being incarcerated as a desirable alternative to their marginalized situation in their respective communities. These findings nuance our understanding of the place of prison in the lives of these women and draws attention to notable gaps in Canada’s often-celebrated social welfare system.
Juno obtained unique low‐altitude space environment measurements over Jupiter's poles on 27 August 2016. Here Jupiter Energetic‐particle Detector Instrument observations are presented for electrons ...(25–800 keV) and protons (10–1500 keV). We analyze magnetic field‐aligned electron angular beams over expected auroral regions that were sometimes symmetric (bidirectional) but more often strongly asymmetric. Included are variable but surprisingly persistent upward, monodirectional electron angular beams emerging from what we term the “polar cap,” poleward of the nominal auroral ovals. The energy spectra of all beams were monotonic and hard (not structured in energy), showing power law‐like distributions often extending beyond ~800 keV. Given highly variable downward energy fluxes (below 1 RJ altitudes within the loss cone) as high as 280 mW/m2, we suggest that mechanisms generating these beams are among the primary processes generating Jupiter's uniquely intense auroral emissions, distinct from what is typically observed at Earth.
Key Points
Upward, energy‐monotonic energetic electron angular beams are unexpectedly persistent over Jupiter's polar caps
Jupiter's aurora appears not to be associated with monoenergetic electron beams but with other processes
Jupiter's aurora is powered by the downward portion of bidirectional, energy‐monotonic electron angular beams and diffuse precipitation
The Jupiter Energetic Particle Detector Instruments (JEDI) on the Juno Jupiter polar-orbiting, atmosphere-skimming, mission to Jupiter will coordinate with the several other space physics instruments ...on the Juno spacecraft to characterize and understand the space environment of Jupiter’s polar regions, and specifically to understand the generation of Jupiter’s powerful aurora. JEDI comprises 3 nearly-identical instruments and measures at minimum the energy, angle, and ion composition distributions of ions with energies from H:20 keV and O: 50 keV to >1 MeV, and the energy and angle distribution of electrons from <40 to >500 keV. Each JEDI instrument uses microchannel plates (MCP) and thin foils to measure the times of flight (TOF) of incoming ions and the pulse height associated with the interaction of ions with the foils, and it uses solid state detectors (SSD’s) to measure the total energy (
E
) of both the ions and the electrons. The MCP anodes and the SSD arrays are configured to determine the directions of arrivals of the incoming charged particles. The instruments also use fast triple coincidence and optimum shielding to suppress penetrating background radiation and incoming UV foreground. Here we describe the science objectives of JEDI, the science and measurement requirements, the challenges that the JEDI team had in meeting these requirements, the design and operation of the JEDI instruments, their calibrated performances, the JEDI inflight and ground operations, and the initial measurements of the JEDI instruments in interplanetary space following the Juno launch on 5 August 2011. Juno will begin its prime science operations, comprising 32 orbits with dimensions 1.1×40 RJ, in mid-2016.
Abstract
As the digital divide has narrowed, the internet and social media have become more accessible to disadvantaged populations, including drug dealers, gang members and street hustlers. These ...individuals increasingly publicize their activities and associations via social media networks. Little is known, however, about the dangers criminal actors face in using social media, and how they manage those risks. Based on interview data and ethnographic observation of criminally-involved men in Toronto’s Regent Park neighbourhood, we argue that the men both reproduce and reinforce many of the dangers of life on the urban streets, while fostering new strategies for managing those risks through an ongoing process of online impression management. In the process, the code of the street goes virtual; dis-embedded from its originating physical location, it circulates on new media platforms, and occasionally becomes re-embedded onto those same streets, but with different inflexions and implications.
Surveillance and Democracy Haggerty, Kevin D; Samatas, Minas
2010, 20100712, 2010-05-06, 2010-07-12, 20100101
eBook
This collection represents the first sustained attempt to grapple with the complex and often paradoxical relationships between surveillance and democracy. Is surveillance a barrier to democratic ...processes, or might it be a necessary component of democracy? How has the legacy of post 9/11 surveillance developments shaped democratic processes? As surveillance measures are increasingly justified in terms of national security, is there the prospect that a shadow "security state" will emerge? How might new surveillance measures alter the conceptions of citizens and citizenship which are at the heart of democracy? How might new communication and surveillance systems extend (or limit) the prospects for meaningful public activism?
Surveillance has become central to human organizational and epistemological endeavours and is a cornerstone of governmental practices in assorted institutional realms. This social transformation towards expanded, intensified and integrated surveillance has produced many consequences. It has also given rise to an increased anxiety about the implications of surveillance for democratic processes; thus raising a series of questions – about what surveillance means, and might mean, for civil liberties, political processes, public discourse, state coercion and public consent – that the leading surveillance scholars gathered here address.
1. Surveillance and Democracy: An Unsettled Relationship, Kevin D. Haggerty and Minas Samatas Section I: Theorizing Surveillance and Democracy 2.Surveillance and Transparency as Sociotechnical Systems of Accountability, Deborah Johnson and Kent Wayland 3. Identification, Surveillance and Democracy, David Lyon 4. Democracy and Its Visibilities, Andrea Mubi Brighenti 5. Periopticon: Control Beyond Freedom and Coercion - and Two Possible Advancements in the Social Sciences, Michalis Lianos Section II Surveillance Policies and Practices of Democratic Governance 6. Surveillance as Governance: Social Inequality and the Pursuit of Democratic Surveillance, Torin Monihan 7. Democracy, Surveillance and ‘Knowing What’s Good for You’: The Private Sector Origins of Profiling and the Birth of ‘Citizen Relationship Management, Kirstie Ball, Elizabeth Daniel, Sally Dibb and Maureen Meadows 8. The Impact of Communications Data Retention on Fundamental Rights and Democracy: The case of the EU Data Retention Directive, Lilian Mitrou 9. ‘Full Spectrum Dominance’ as European Union security policy: On the trail of the ‘NeoConOpticon’, Ben Hayes Section III Case Studies in the Dynamics of Surveillance and Democracy 10. A Trans-systemic Surveillance: The Legacy of Communist Surveillance in the Digital Age, Maria Los 11. Balancing Public Safety and Security Demands with Civil Liberties in a New Constitutional Democracy: The Case of Post-1994 South Africa and the Growth of Residential Security and Surveillance Measures, Anthony Minnaar 12. The Greek Olympic Phone Tappings Scandal: A Defenceless State and a Weak Democracy, Minas Samatas 13. Surveillance and Democracy in the Digital Enclosure, Jennifer R. Whitson
Kevin D. Haggerty is editor of the Canadian Journal of Sociology and book review editor of the international journal Surveillance & Society. He is professor of sociology and criminology at the University of Alberta, Canada.
Minas Samatas is associate professor of political sociology in the Sociology Department at the University of Crete, Greece, and author of Surveillance in Greece: From anticommunist to the consumer surveillance, Pella, NY, 2004.
Abstract
Previous Juno mission event studies revealed powerful electron and ion acceleration, to 100s of kiloelectron volts and higher, at low altitudes over Jupiter's main aurora and polar cap (PC; ...poleward of the main aurora). Here we examine 30–1200 keV JEDI‐instrument particle data from the first 16 Juno orbits to determine how common, persistent, repeatable, and ordered these processes are. For the PC regions, we find (1) upward electron angle beams, sometimes extending to megaelectron volt energies, are persistently present in essentially all portions of the polar cap but are generated by two distinct and spatially separable processes. (2) Particle evidence for megavolt downward electrostatic potentials are observable for 80% of the polar cap crossings and over substantial fractions of the PC area. For the main aurora, with the orbit favoring the duskside, we find that (1) three distinct zones are observed that are generally arranged from lower to higher latitudes but sometimes mixed. They are designated here as the diffuse aurora (DifA), Zone‐I (ZI(D)) showing primarily downward electron acceleration, and Zone‐II (ZII(B)) showing bidirectional acceleration with the upward intensities often greater than downward intensities. (2) ZI(D) and ZII(B) sometimes (but not always) contain, respectively, downward electron inverted Vs and downward proton inverted Vs, (potentials up to 400 kV) but, otherwise, have broadband distributions. (3) Surprisingly, both ZI(D) and ZII(B) can generate equally powerful auroral emissions. It is suggested but demonstrated for intense portions of only one auroral crossing, that ZI(D) and ZII(B) are associated, respectively, with upward and downward electric currents.
Plain Language Summary
The science objectives of the Juno mission, with its spacecraft now orbiting Jupiter in a polar orbit, include understanding the space environments of Jupiter's polar regions and generation of Jupiter's uniquely powerful aurora. In Jupiter's polar cap regions (poleward of the main auroral oval encircling the northern and southern poles), we find here that (1) beams of electrons aligned with the upward magnetic field direction are ever‐present with energies extended to the 100s to 1,000s of kilo electron volts and (2) downward magnetic field‐aligned electrostatic potentials reaching greater than a million volts occur over broad regions for 80% of the polar cap crossings. For the main auroral oval, we find three distinct zones: designated here as diffuse aurora (DifA), Zone‐I (ZI(D)) showing downward electron acceleration to 100s of kiloelectron volts, and Zone‐II (ZII(B)) showing bidirectional acceleration with the upward intensities often greater than downward intensities. ZI(D) sometimes shows upward electrostatic potentials reaching 100s of kilovolts and is associated with upward magnetic field‐aligned electric currents. ZII(B) sometimes shows downward electrostatic potentials reaching 100s of kilovolts and is associated with downward electric currents. Unexpectedly from Earth studies, ZI(D) and ZII(B) are just as likely to generate the most intense auroral emissions.
Key Points
Jupiter's polar caps have upward electron beams essentially everywhere (100s of kiloelectron volts) and often downward megavolt electric potentials
Energetic particles reveal three main auroral acceleration zones: diffuse aurora (DifA), Zone‐I (downward), and Zone‐II (bidirectional)
ZI(D) and ZII(B) sometimes (but not always) contain, respectively, downward electron inverted Vs and downward proton inverted Vs
In 2016, the US Food and Drug Administration banned the use of specific microbicides in some household and personal wash products due to concerns that these chemicals might induce antibiotic ...resistance or disrupt human microbial communities. Triclosan and triclocarban (referred to as TCs) are the most common antimicrobials in household and personal care products, but the extent to which TC exposure perturbs microbial communities in humans, particularly during infant development, was unknown. We conducted a randomized intervention of TC‐containing household and personal care products during the first year following birth to characterize whether TC exposure from wash products perturbs microbial communities in mothers and their infants. Longitudinal survey of the gut microbiota using 16S ribosomal RNA amplicon sequencing showed that TC exposure from wash products did not induce global reconstruction or loss of microbial diversity of either infant or maternal gut microbiotas. Broadly antibiotic‐resistant species from the phylum Proteobacteria, however, were enriched in stool samples from mothers in TC households after the introduction of triclosan‐containing toothpaste. When compared by urinary triclosan level, agnostic to treatment arm, infants with higher triclosan levels also showed an enrichment of Proteobacteria species. Despite the minimal effects of TC exposure from wash products on the gut microbial community of infants and adults, detected taxonomic differences highlight the need for consumer safety testing of antimicrobial self‐care products on the human microbiome and on antibiotic resistance.
Synopsis
The extent to which exposure to common household antimicrobials, mainly triclosan and triclocarban (referred to as TCs), disrupts human adult and developing infant microbiomes was unknown. This study reveals an effect on mothers through oral rather than skin exposure.
Microbiome diversity is not affected in adults or infants by household TC exposure.
Mothers of TC households show an enrichment of phylum known to harbor and associate with wide antibiotic resistance, only after the introduction of oral care products containing triclosan.
Selection of gut microbes by TC may be driven by oral exposure more than skin exposure.
The extent to which exposure to common household antimicrobials, mainly triclosan and triclocarban (referred to as TCs), disrupts human adult and developing infant microbiomes was unknown. This study reveals an effect on mothers through oral rather than skin exposure.
ABSTRACT We investigate the solar phenomena associated with the origin of the solar energetic particle (SEP) event observed on 2014 February 25 by a number of spacecraft distributed in the inner ...heliosphere over a broad range of heliolongitudes. These include spacecraft located near Earth; the twin Solar TErrestrial RElations Observatory spacecraft, STEREO-A and STEREO-B, located at ∼1 au from the Sun 153° west and 160° east of Earth, respectively; the MErcury Surface Space ENvironment GEochemistry and Ranging mission (at 0.40 au and 31° west of Earth); and the Juno spacecraft (at 2.11 au and 48° east of Earth). Although the footpoints of the field lines nominally connecting the Sun with STEREO-A, STEREO-B and near-Earth spacecraft were quite distant from each other, an intense high-energy SEP event with Fe-rich prompt components was observed at these three locations. The extent of the extreme-ultraviolet wave associated with the solar eruption generating the SEP event was very limited in longitude. However, the white-light shock accompanying the associated coronal mass ejection extended over a broad range of longitudes. As the shock propagated into interplanetary space it extended over at least ∼190° in longitude. The release of the SEPs observed at different longitudes occurred when the portion of the shock magnetically connected to each spacecraft was already at relatively high altitudes ( 2 R above the solar surface). The expansion of the shock in the extended corona, as opposite to near the solar surface, determined the SEP injection and SEP intensity-time profiles at different longitudes.
A prevailing model for the origin of {sup 3}He-rich solar energetic particle (SEP) events attributes particle acceleration to processes associated with the reconnection between closed magnetic field ...lines in an active region and neighboring open field lines. The open field from the small reconnection volume then provides a path along which accelerated particles escape into a relatively narrow range of angles in the heliosphere. The narrow width (standard deviation <20 Degree-Sign ) of the distribution of X-ray flare longitudes found to be associated with {sup 3}He-rich SEP events detected at a single spacecraft at 1 AU supports this model. We report multispacecraft observations of individual {sup 3}He-rich SEP events that occurred during the solar minimum time period from 2007 January through 2011 January using instrumentation carried by the two Solar Terrestrial Relations Observatory spacecraft and the Advanced Composition Explorer. We find that detections of {sup 3}He-rich events at pairs of spacecraft are not uncommon, even when their longitudinal separation is >60 Degree-Sign . We present the observations of the {sup 3}He-rich event of 2010 February 7, which was detected at all three spacecraft when they spanned 136 Degree-Sign in heliographic longitude. Measured fluences of {sup 3}He in this event were found to have a strong dependence on longitude which is well fit by a Gaussian with standard deviation {approx}48 Degree-Sign centered at the longitude that is connected to the source region by a nominal Parker spiral magnetic field. We discuss several mechanisms for distributing flare-accelerated particles over a wide range of heliographic longitudes including interplanetary diffusion perpendicular to the magnetic field, spreading of a compact cluster of open field lines between the active region and the source surface where the field becomes radial and opens out into the heliosphere, and distortion of the interplanetary field by a preceding coronal mass ejection. Statistical studies of additional {sup 3}He-rich events detected at multiple spacecraft will be needed to establish the relative importance of the various mechanisms.
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